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No Plagiarism!aoSCWOwDle5O6PRs3Hh4posted on PENANA 202Please respect copyright.PENANAwPGgZru9MQ
8964 copyright protection198PENANAjrO3iW01Y5 維尼
- 實體經濟和資金經濟及其功能
202Please respect copyright.PENANAs5ikPzAGAS
8964 copyright protection198PENANAgJBD8N7XGt 維尼
當今世界,經濟大可分為兩種:8964 copyright protection198PENANAfINwaxe2X7 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAHLIru0DdiR
8964 copyright protection198PENANATv62PvAuIk 維尼
- 實體經濟
以實質貢獻,提供實質貨品及服務為主。8964 copyright protection198PENANAaI0n1KmcTU 維尼
(例如:股市市場提供資金予發展商,以促成融資建屋)8964 copyright protection198PENANA0Q0w3Z7JCo 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANALyIPVN3oA7
8964 copyright protection198PENANA6fAHTnZCBH 維尼
- 資金經濟
以利用資產增值獲利為主8964 copyright protection198PENANAlxrxmOmbkM 維尼
(例如:股市市場上價格上升,提供利潤予投資者)8964 copyright protection198PENANArvlc0GE77x 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANA2D4pITKnhP
8964 copyright protection198PENANA05fZW210xm 維尼
兩者皆為投資者賺得回報。論實質社會貢獻層面上,當以實體經濟為先;但論投資者回報,卻往往是以享受資產增值的資金經濟跑贏。而資產持有者亦往往成為社會財富上之大嬴家,何解:8964 copyright protection198PENANAsq1vxCbHh2 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANA6D5KcSWXjX
8964 copyright protection198PENANAA3L4sefnps 維尼
原因:8964 copyright protection198PENANAYnHz90kiDO 維尼
- 此乃資本經濟設計者之終極目的:透過資本回報之豐厚,迫使人民將儲蓄用作投資,減少社會現金存款,以發揮資金功能;
202Please respect copyright.PENANA2nBhWKWtao
8964 copyright protection198PENANAQKiGNYLwQA 維尼
- 資產有儲值功能,而勞動力卻不能儲備下去,只能急於求售,這局面是有利於資產擁有者。
202Please respect copyright.PENANA88lqP4BQXn
8964 copyright protection198PENANArBayh0yHuk 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANADdlRkpRS5y
8964 copyright protection198PENANAjuUOARKsRl 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANAHObVl4Ivrt 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAbFXg8X0CBP
8964 copyright protection198PENANAcYxYDuBX7K 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAzpFWTYMIP4
8964 copyright protection198PENANAwJbkYgFZv9 維尼
- 銀行槓桿原理
202Please respect copyright.PENANAZWwO26u9fl
8964 copyright protection198PENANALnmseG2wjs 維尼
銀行貸款可為財金槓桿原理之始祖。8964 copyright protection198PENANAAjg40pl4Ie 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAEtt9lIQKj4
8964 copyright protection198PENANAdJ3RReyRnl 維尼
當政府訂立了銀行的儲備比率,例如:為存款的20%,那即意味銀行可以將存款中的80%外借到市場作為利息收入。8964 copyright protection198PENANAQp08TY4s3G 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAXiCQyBujQU
8964 copyright protection198PENANA7zS4WJQO5R 維尼
如$1000元的存款,銀行向市場借出當中的$800,$200元則撥作儲備; 而假設那借出的$800元又再存到銀行體系,那銀行又將該$800存款的80%外借到市場(即$640),如此一來一回,銀行就憑藉這種槓桿製造出額外賬面上的資產。8964 copyright protection198PENANAq7IoRjCi1g 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAN6UBvFvczf
8964 copyright protection198PENANA8GFgh6Hr8P 維尼
而有關上述存款槓桿遊戲,坊間上的方程式如下:8964 copyright protection198PENANAFf9Zccd3Ke 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANALz4zX9rGG9
8964 copyright protection198PENANAluKZUO56zC 維尼
槓桿財富總數 = 存款總數X 1 / 儲備比率8964 copyright protection198PENANAEIEhP3ORtO 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANARqRwbJp0VK
8964 copyright protection198PENANAvW7e1zQXOq 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAinwilwYOHe
8964 copyright protection198PENANAe27i0GN5jY 維尼
以上述例子的$1,000元存款為例:8964 copyright protection198PENANAWR2gANqxRK 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAd4xfGs0zf1
8964 copyright protection198PENANA7wnZUMO7xQ 維尼
槓桿財富總數 = 存款總數($1,000)X 1 / (20%)儲備比率8964 copyright protection198PENANABkI10kYLOl 維尼
= $1,000 X 58964 copyright protection198PENANATyx1PmMQ24 維尼
= $5,0008964 copyright protection198PENANA0NHcpuRRvs 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAseuwyKLkjL
8964 copyright protection198PENANApp9FWSIXZ5 維尼
可見,銀行可值槓桿原理,便可將$1,000元的存款「放大」成$5,000。8964 copyright protection198PENANALuaUDWFS0g 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAjQndr6aW5W
8964 copyright protection198PENANAZMhVvIyBl2 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANAQT5FXlTgT2 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAN9kukR7eys
8964 copyright protection198PENANAk0dyFFcb8j 維尼
- 投資者及被投資者的得益
202Please respect copyright.PENANA0kYjZSOIfL
8964 copyright protection198PENANABlpeyQ1NDU 維尼
世界一體化令整體生產力得以提升,而投資者與被投資者都有所得著,生產專門化的優點如下:8964 copyright protection198PENANA8H5E4cGWW2 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANA3K7MTISRzT
8964 copyright protection198PENANAiwUXT0rWCJ 維尼
- 投資者 (多為先進國家 / 資本者)
- 先進國家可將低端工序外判予落後國家,而先進國家的國民可專注於高增值項目,令生產更為專業;
202Please respect copyright.PENANAgr3idvK964
8964 copyright protection198PENANAxscmSHomfw 維尼
- 先進國家將工序外判予工資較低的落後國家,利用其人口勞動密集之特性,產生大規模生產的協同效應,以盡享成本降低之益;
202Please respect copyright.PENANA3MlYJaAVJm
8964 copyright protection198PENANAMGpv3MUOZ6 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANADJsalgtDMk
8964 copyright protection198PENANAJRy4hEzBEJ 維尼
- 獲投資者 (多為相對落後國家 / 缺乏資本者)
202Please respect copyright.PENANA0Cq7nexRIW
8964 copyright protection198PENANA8W3I5YWcje 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANA3e0yFf0YI3
8964 copyright protection198PENANArR55CbRmdU 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAWVL2N0bP8Z
8964 copyright protection198PENANAi8ksqZmiAE 維尼
- 獲投資 / 注資的一方可借機拓展生產規模及收購競爭對手之業務,減低競爭及爭取大規模生產下之盈利。
202Please respect copyright.PENANAU71ZwelXYj
8964 copyright protection198PENANAklNlONmyEV 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANADqyjuJsTtk 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAJYkEk5aOXm
8964 copyright protection198PENANAhyKhXseowW 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAB7i7ztpfhV
8964 copyright protection198PENANAcc50l8Y2zp 維尼
- 通漲、滯漲、通縮
202Please respect copyright.PENANAyFTpClaEUC
8964 copyright protection198PENANAPuV8sVm1DI 維尼
相信這三個名詞,大家都曾聽過。現簡單解釋一下:8964 copyright protection198PENANAxFEOPxq9kJ 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAaGod4gsBMf
8964 copyright protection198PENANAUHk62s84Xi 維尼
- 通漲 – 物價指數向上,貨品價格上揚;
- 滯漲 – 物價指數向上,貨品價格上揚;人均收入及工資水平卻追不上;
- 通縮 – 物價下調,經濟疲弱,市民購買力不濟致貨品需求及價格下降
202Please respect copyright.PENANAAx2zEszdHW
8964 copyright protection198PENANAbckuQvEzdC 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAVlyhhjpA7R
8964 copyright protection198PENANA3tYKNofuEB 維尼
造成貨品價格上漲的原因:8964 copyright protection198PENANA3mC5oSULKQ 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAbZz4Ly0Xhd
8964 copyright protection198PENANASNtML9bMkT 維尼
- 經濟好,人民購買力增強,致貨品需求增加,推高物價;
- 貨幣供應增多,致貨幣貶值,物價變相被推高;
- 貨物 / 原材料入口價格上升 (例如:近年中國入口貨品價格隨住國內經濟發展而被推高,致入口中國貨品的地方成本增多。)。
202Please respect copyright.PENANAaMB5Lbnngm
8964 copyright protection198PENANADxvl7LSyUi 維尼
*上述(1)為良性通漲;(2)及(3)對社會之情況並不健康。8964 copyright protection198PENANAVzlf5oiVg0 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAj6Ym0HJ3Lj
8964 copyright protection198PENANA4nvajnUpz1 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAuyF3np5Hix
8964 copyright protection198PENANAODREd6gXPs 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANA1GKEjwYhRZ 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAXWGNXw1c03
8964 copyright protection198PENANAtItDwp5N4r 維尼
- 樓價宏觀調控
202Please respect copyright.PENANAs4CIm4zcMa
8964 copyright protection198PENANAItOVQGiQ3n 維尼
由於樓價為人民之必需品,故這項投資商品較為特別。在大多數國家的政府,都會對樓價議題甚為敏感。8964 copyright protection198PENANAiqGgy7UOEQ 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAnCL0fsHuFE
8964 copyright protection198PENANAGGRFDoWiXq 維尼
在調控樓市方面,一般手段如下:8964 copyright protection198PENANAw0MXLzUbBs 維尼
- 禁止發展商囤積土地
- 提高銀行借貸息口
- 提高銀行存款準備金
- 增加置業相關稅項
202Please respect copyright.PENANAlFWVHFr4RI
8964 copyright protection198PENANAttvvj3am26 維尼
是以,到底走「極端自由經濟」的香港,在樓價嚴重脫離民眾承擔能力之時,仍以「小政府,大市場」掛帥。結果樓價長居不下,貧富懸殊日增,鑄成「深層次社會矛盾」。8964 copyright protection198PENANAVUdG1iAnKn 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAd8Kb7tKDtr
8964 copyright protection198PENANAyqYOXK9Q1E 維尼
這條「絶對自由經濟道路」是否走得成功?是值得商榷的。8964 copyright protection198PENANAWLEBA9Bf7r 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAXYX9n3Fr5o
8964 copyright protection198PENANAiQrEyZtB26 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANABxEMNWxggj 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAgxCB1NR1Fk
8964 copyright protection198PENANAA8cBKSjGND 維尼
- 資本主義 VS 社會主義
202Please respect copyright.PENANAPWqTEJDdg6
8964 copyright protection198PENANAmMZBr2yBH1 維尼
這是一個長久的問題:哪一種政治制度會是人類最有效?8964 copyright protection198PENANAbPRypeGLox 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANANkUZkvhyZ0
8964 copyright protection198PENANADLvkgYoPNb 維尼
時至這一刻,相信世上仍未有一種完美的制度,只能說,資本主義和社會主義,對社會之發展而言,各有勝場。分析如下:8964 copyright protection198PENANA0hHNfwzCwA 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAatplxVFx82
8964 copyright protection198PENANAUQLgQ5dI8A 維尼
- 資本民主主義的優點:
- 制度會選出社會上的大多數民眾支持者作為領導;
- 由於資本主義下,企業自負盈虧;精英可以發揮所長,令社會得到進步;
- 因人民有監督社會之權力,此制度可有效制衡政權,滅少貪官污史。
202Please respect copyright.PENANAynHJCS2J2s
8964 copyright protection198PENANA21f9LZimKd 維尼
- 社會主義之優點:
- 社會資源分配較平均、公平;
- 社會氣氛較和諧;
- 社會出現不會「福利主義」、「政客胡亂向民眾獻媚」,而令國家步向衰亡之情況。
202Please respect copyright.PENANABc6yRSyiNZ
8964 copyright protection198PENANAY4ItKiywnF 維尼
***8964 copyright protection198PENANAI0ILH3ezs9 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAZeoIiZvu8n
8964 copyright protection198PENANA7EH4IM58ff 維尼
- 供應鏈(Supply Chain)
202Please respect copyright.PENANAEv4H663xQj
8964 copyright protection198PENANAo2cUeZHjhe 維尼
供應鏈不只是運輸行業,還包括以下元素:8964 copyright protection198PENANALcH8fZ0HgZ 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAjRinbt2Mvl
8964 copyright protection198PENANABf3m26egYA 維尼
- 售前服務:
包括市場學上的「4P」 8964 copyright protection198PENANAZHBRrvqpwu 維尼
- Product提供貨品和服務, 8964 copyright protection198PENANAuOrx7Kxh9D 維尼
- Price 訂立價錢,8964 copyright protection198PENANAM7KiTNwZVO 維尼
- Place 提供服務地點, 8964 copyright protection198PENANAnb0MjKQyk3 維尼
-Promotion 宣傳8964 copyright protection198PENANA7YR1HyEro0 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAXMZZhoc7OA
8964 copyright protection198PENANA3nIhWBdPyV 維尼
- 物流:
包括:運輸、存倉、貨物管理和資訊科技8964 copyright protection198PENANAMHXgQY1e92 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAmvJ5ihJ1n7
8964 copyright protection198PENANAoT6JuKxkoT 維尼
- 售後服務:
包括保養、客戶服務等8964 copyright protection198PENANA9ZWIb0Nm09 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAVU3MuGkJFM
8964 copyright protection198PENANArVOvxKdzwq 維尼
202Please respect copyright.PENANAlGP444Yis1
8964 copyright protection198PENANA5vgdciG1iR 維尼
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