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喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下188Please respect copyright.PENANAoRbGCydWTv
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
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跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報188Please respect copyright.PENANAUejsdlfkzi
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸188Please respect copyright.PENANAdTNpcBhgSP
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網188Please respect copyright.PENANAwu23UumhSA
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
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意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞188Please respect copyright.PENANAgEamAMyLtb
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咁既然唔係亞洲188Please respect copyright.PENANAqVplscrwne
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好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀188Please respect copyright.PENANAJmDVNkFoF5
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAOSSAJdQP1F
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下188Please respect copyright.PENANAQJ3CbMGdoy
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇188Please respect copyright.PENANA3tRF1Zw23E
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時188Please respect copyright.PENANAcroyRmH2dG
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地188Please respect copyright.PENANABHdUsS13xu
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力188Please respect copyright.PENANAsMaBWtA0tU
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累188Please respect copyright.PENANA5amVGeI9jO
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖188Please respect copyright.PENANAT0avjbitwq
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗188Please respect copyright.PENANACDVO6aIVjF
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多188Please respect copyright.PENANAZMuUYZiMed
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易188Please respect copyright.PENANANyYfIugN4f
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水188Please respect copyright.PENANAVaQ27GDtfS
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度188Please respect copyright.PENANACDf5zIaDcl
同環繞赤道一周差唔多188Please respect copyright.PENANA63c2k7PmFw
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲188Please respect copyright.PENANAsQbbeOxNYs
萬一有咩阻滯188Please respect copyright.PENANAVDOVuaVLHh
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道188Please respect copyright.PENANAAGavkRKcss
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢188Please respect copyright.PENANAQmDHgmVyA8
就仆得街喇188Please respect copyright.PENANAY17nF0NEZR
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年188Please respect copyright.PENANAGcFr4enUDY
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得188Please respect copyright.PENANAAMlLr8nkYU
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天188Please respect copyright.PENANASCHV2qvpZI
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非188Please respect copyright.PENANAknZJ5BFUIZ
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年188Please respect copyright.PENANAZsJ5TLANp0
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生188Please respect copyright.PENANAtKWNywMSfF
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺188Please respect copyright.PENANA6Qfh2KsKnA
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等188Please respect copyright.PENANAThRDPEpsW2
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)188Please respect copyright.PENANA8EwucfzKLx
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支188Please respect copyright.PENANAfNbRoJvolw
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊188Please respect copyright.PENANAJHtEShjJC0
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢188Please respect copyright.PENANA6cMaBceMy1
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講188Please respect copyright.PENANA7ZDiLDroRZ
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉188Please respect copyright.PENANAjlosGGid5B
就算食到都消化不良啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAEscx6L6AgP
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站188Please respect copyright.PENANAiRSuebQDvv
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向188Please respect copyright.PENANAv20pkRZoF7
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞188Please respect copyright.PENANAytxhG5bx2t
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多188Please respect copyright.PENANA9P9ZVd3g5O
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:188Please respect copyright.PENANADt9iNrkSFK
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢188Please respect copyright.PENANAakApLZBWmJ
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫188Please respect copyright.PENANAjadzbuPf7j
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近188Please respect copyright.PENANAF55aUXqOTU
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎188Please respect copyright.PENANAQkMr395Tcm
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力188Please respect copyright.PENANA9Z0RNZO2Wd
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁188Please respect copyright.PENANA1vJymkw5Hg
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩188Please respect copyright.PENANAJhr44vaR4T
美洲有耕地188Please respect copyright.PENANANugLarxcKb
非洲有人力188Please respect copyright.PENANAlx2IqNYdWx
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心188Please respect copyright.PENANAygQJhWp3G9
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦188Please respect copyright.PENANAy0H9spjWAR
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢188Please respect copyright.PENANAKoRDAk6cO1
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼188Please respect copyright.PENANA2vVRRqVQ2J
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢188Please respect copyright.PENANAo2q5dUj3FB
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國188Please respect copyright.PENANAjkJNsGM0Hj
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAeew5jzMOr3
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行188Please respect copyright.PENANAOMa845AvuP
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣188Please respect copyright.PENANArxr8o92YTo
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴188Please respect copyright.PENANAQIOuvPB6rR
由此激發各國投入人力物力188Please respect copyright.PENANAQokrbpRxR7
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器188Please respect copyright.PENANAgn6MW2gCld
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船188Please respect copyright.PENANArZUivXTkHa
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展188Please respect copyright.PENANAMew1Acidx7
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等188Please respect copyright.PENANAHYxph52Qqs
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話188Please respect copyright.PENANAXGTF9z8N14
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易188Please respect copyright.PENANAPPw1f9sIxb
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲188Please respect copyright.PENANAuO0vM4DRSO為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度188Please respect copyright.PENANAIObDHwdQbI
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:188Please respect copyright.PENANAYdXfj01ODw
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?188Please respect copyright.PENANAOqysmc4BqI
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒188Please respect copyright.PENANAeC0AKaZgxj
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀188Please respect copyright.PENANAZY8RUCjpB2
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢188Please respect copyright.PENANAsdKJy8kWSH
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成188Please respect copyright.PENANAdx4x7bJgr2
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉188Please respect copyright.PENANAL1wkFhsBDO
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現188Please respect copyright.PENANAoEGVQBqSn6
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲188Please respect copyright.PENANAu9dakQhZcR
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉188Please respect copyright.PENANAYBkGXuL6Sk
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團188Please respect copyright.PENANAMr8qlVWSzl
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議188Please respect copyright.PENANAND9Xk6iPq3
準備選出新教宗喇188Please respect copyright.PENANAoudMOE4nBn
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖188Please respect copyright.PENANADSVAn5Q1vr
自16世紀起188Please respect copyright.PENANAeV1iiJyOPv
呢個小圈子選舉188Please respect copyright.PENANARhnv2tuRDT
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控188Please respect copyright.PENANA7kzjCn33jH
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益188Please respect copyright.PENANApOgSLD7Hw2
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營188Please respect copyright.PENANA1fLMc996rr
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤188Please respect copyright.PENANAO6DIRJAseT
有時仲會大打出手188Please respect copyright.PENANAlZho12AnAw
好似1605年3月嗰次188Please respect copyright.PENANArntJ82ZMFC
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨188Please respect copyright.PENANAnXxlvdh4SO
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈188Please respect copyright.PENANASfnaRWm11F
不過呢個唔係今集重點188Please respect copyright.PENANAhx9fhtp5wQ
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇188Please respect copyright.PENANA2HgiO08gbW
我直接講個結果:188Please respect copyright.PENANAjEXvS8aidt
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗188Please respect copyright.PENANASsqukyD9Td
法號伍朋八世188Please respect copyright.PENANAjj7DEBbYXq
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員188Please respect copyright.PENANAPjwj4PgAE4
…188Please respect copyright.PENANAIyYp5Ycna7
..188Please respect copyright.PENANAJGcOrKVjnp
.188Please respect copyright.PENANADU6zsQa7R3
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???188Please respect copyright.PENANAklxtAj6veV
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAUdBj7KP5eH
佢地其實係病死嘅188Please respect copyright.PENANAmVwybNxFUZ
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"188Please respect copyright.PENANAmyrrbUfTTV
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇188Please respect copyright.PENANAnDsvQFdSh5
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播188Please respect copyright.PENANAKcGiDL39mG
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時188Please respect copyright.PENANA8483eRWOrU
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味188Please respect copyright.PENANAjSK8zunDeK
係會令人發燒同病死188Please respect copyright.PENANABfVxaxHsui
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾188Please respect copyright.PENANAXzIJ5SXRkB
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後188Please respect copyright.PENANAeX9N6XTk2f
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘188Please respect copyright.PENANA6YQW15umTw
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體188Please respect copyright.PENANAyZ5ZGZwktp
帶返去羅馬本土喇188Please respect copyright.PENANAsoPxuw51G7
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶188Please respect copyright.PENANAKzdPZ2T3qQ
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖188Please respect copyright.PENANADuvnCfPIOA
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地188Please respect copyright.PENANA2rjjkqaoM7
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣188Please respect copyright.PENANA3G1hDWE7To
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時188Please respect copyright.PENANAFTtkLavEDE
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命188Please respect copyright.PENANAQGP1pxuD73
額我略十五世唔遲唔早188Please respect copyright.PENANAU0k1XZo58G
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋188Please respect copyright.PENANADY6D23lnSk
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇188Please respect copyright.PENANACv18sTb9w4
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世188Please respect copyright.PENANAnt00G42yxA
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召188Please respect copyright.PENANAOcbnxRY7xe
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦188Please respect copyright.PENANA5ZvBnMPezJ
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病188Please respect copyright.PENANAWWO6Es8DDH
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史188Please respect copyright.PENANAUGA8WJCsg0
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAVQ4EhKwtUy
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾188Please respect copyright.PENANAKgHHZ67Mve
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法188Please respect copyright.PENANAAUTavGysAC
真係唔醫好過醫188Please respect copyright.PENANAVAddoNtgEp
不過喺呢個大航海時代188Please respect copyright.PENANAzaUagPsajf
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢188Please respect copyright.PENANAkpr6kQa2of
16世紀起188Please respect copyright.PENANA4fdNQ5TYUI
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊188Please respect copyright.PENANAy4df1yE0O5
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲188Please respect copyright.PENANAmo0w8WpPWg
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛188Please respect copyright.PENANAdfpLkVq2A6
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人188Please respect copyright.PENANAE7EVdWkbQ4
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣188Please respect copyright.PENANABhtER9LWyV
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目188Please respect copyright.PENANArC6EtAVesP
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材188Please respect copyright.PENANATlUhiIVB79
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英188Please respect copyright.PENANAf68hLFeXxk
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落188Please respect copyright.PENANABrUnjqr7ql
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦188Please respect copyright.PENANAZxa56FIczA
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情188Please respect copyright.PENANAzfSpcRvTdk
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....188Please respect copyright.PENANAzEymOw7K8t
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸188Please respect copyright.PENANALDEPeOyK0U
喺呢個地理大發現時代188Please respect copyright.PENANAVneXFxmJH7
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置188Please respect copyright.PENANAB7NsFg8uhy
呢個故事嘅主要成份188Please respect copyright.PENANAiWbARDqcF3
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初188Please respect copyright.PENANATZHgcUVKBV
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬188Please respect copyright.PENANANNx1dkCZVv
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後188Please respect copyright.PENANATGQJm3CUcn
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土188Please respect copyright.PENANAdxfCDLEbHg
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要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵188Please respect copyright.PENANAf5qWrHWKxm
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去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病188Please respect copyright.PENANA6HVQq8RRBL
服從性有幾高可想而知188Please respect copyright.PENANAAkZgvWCIaT
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫188Please respect copyright.PENANAvXhQfqxUBZ
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話188Please respect copyright.PENANAubIBpw1ORG
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講188Please respect copyright.PENANAFHdzfQjKOK
無疑係甘上加甘188Please respect copyright.PENANAiYQWgr6ni2
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢188Please respect copyright.PENANARUdASTF2Ie
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000188Please respect copyright.PENANA2jFlKfRkHZ
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度188Please respect copyright.PENANAI7yVUtaQv6
錢就使咗效果又冇188Please respect copyright.PENANAohIxVSyPbb
咁點搞?188Please respect copyright.PENANA9l3Aqd2yei
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”188Please respect copyright.PENANALNNInrV26h
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案188Please respect copyright.PENANArQHsXeLNrC
作為糖嘅發源地188Please respect copyright.PENANAUqA1tRIRxk
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像188Please respect copyright.PENANAQ7Co1TO1Ee
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右188Please respect copyright.PENANAcvgYq1pwzl
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官188Please respect copyright.PENANAH6LH3TmMzo
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:188Please respect copyright.PENANAZWDtYh5bC4
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧188Please respect copyright.PENANAsfUXbyj6wa
溶入高濃度糖水188Please respect copyright.PENANACyNpA5xR6b
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮188Please respect copyright.PENANAYe8pyAAHRc
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿188Please respect copyright.PENANAYD4jtxNA6a
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度188Please respect copyright.PENANApZpib9yiIs
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇188Please respect copyright.PENANAPR6NThOVl0
啲軍官再進一步188Please respect copyright.PENANAfIJPj16FhX
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒188Please respect copyright.PENANAgukvP83rEQ
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
188Please respect copyright.PENANAN6bdLzvwp8
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆188Please respect copyright.PENANAntdGQXMnE3
法國人曾經試過用紅酒188Please respect copyright.PENANAlYl8JlrFNJ
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪188Please respect copyright.PENANApgKUcXw1N0
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水188Please respect copyright.PENANAWyojIwPfL9
味道完全唔融和188Please respect copyright.PENANA4Ldso1Gauw
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味188Please respect copyright.PENANAlD5O2zYxxj
後來研究發現188Please respect copyright.PENANARIL4wEOl6I
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份188Please respect copyright.PENANA36POLEIeLb
同奎寧結合成聚合體188Please respect copyright.PENANAnHamyhdKyY
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道188Please respect copyright.PENANA3I2tuOz91v
呢個偶然嘅發現188Please respect copyright.PENANAcmd1iZ8EKi
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎188Please respect copyright.PENANAliNqNNhWdx
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵188Please respect copyright.PENANASQxDTcqrjR
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧188Please respect copyright.PENANAzNf6w94TQe
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥188Please respect copyright.PENANApkVtZRuWQe
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品188Please respect copyright.PENANANy9udeCqwR
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度188Please respect copyright.PENANApN8fFX8Xo2
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品188Please respect copyright.PENANAZaavSHHF0t
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)188Please respect copyright.PENANAMZeQ2kVTZA
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水188Please respect copyright.PENANAK3WvvV1XI6
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水188Please respect copyright.PENANAkExKRnFNwj
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命188Please respect copyright.PENANAQ24yNaKeGP
例如喺1875年188Please respect copyright.PENANAbtYeQ9uCWd
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率188Please respect copyright.PENANAAFI4EkP5Hj
已經跌到去1.5%188Please respect copyright.PENANAgCozwYGMfs
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面188Please respect copyright.PENANAgV8Gqq90Vv
下集會講吓188Please respect copyright.PENANA6xuEQN7G3K
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥188Please respect copyright.PENANAoQKaWqed6J
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運188Please respect copyright.PENANAfYnQTW276B188Please respect copyright.PENANAF70rinIEe9