
非洲到而家67Please respect copyright.PENANAsSmrKTNTDm
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒67Please respect copyright.PENANA7CnVDDKtFU
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?67Please respect copyright.PENANAbhBHBc6t6y
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic67Please respect copyright.PENANAYi2KD7nWG3
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題67Please respect copyright.PENANAhOJBOWtHWC
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先67Please respect copyright.PENANAH9S3B6QBDB
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後67Please respect copyright.PENANAWep3eQGLQZ
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗67Please respect copyright.PENANAtwc94YTbxF
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品67Please respect copyright.PENANA7e47ZB1HWS
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高67Please respect copyright.PENANAzHO3ZP8olg
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANAVKyn5jF4Le
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙67Please respect copyright.PENANAQYL20ilUtD
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下67Please respect copyright.PENANA36G8h2CvVi
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙67Please respect copyright.PENANA0urX3wFcWK
1493年3月15日星期五中午 67Please respect copyright.PENANALMNIt4iEUZ
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸67Please respect copyright.PENANAiNOgvEpgnD
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAZE1zdtEIaW
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布67Please respect copyright.PENANARm2M5tR8kM
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報67Please respect copyright.PENANAuI1I32rLqQ
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸67Please respect copyright.PENANALP4Om8RH0M
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網67Please respect copyright.PENANAN1kMAj8swX
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAAuHk8x6Z90
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞67Please respect copyright.PENANA0qb2HV4mRJ
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸67Please respect copyright.PENANA4JkseWlwPy
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)67Please respect copyright.PENANAJGi9Vlgbo8
咁既然唔係亞洲67Please respect copyright.PENANArk3DFKZILV
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料67Please respect copyright.PENANAkHpefaUxAN
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀67Please respect copyright.PENANAPi7xNbY5mj
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAACsNGpMqHN
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下67Please respect copyright.PENANA3AGPxK3L2c
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAc7TPhCwfF2
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時67Please respect copyright.PENANA0dqI5BmU7A
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地67Please respect copyright.PENANAd9ogaKNJje
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力67Please respect copyright.PENANApmxvcmPsEd
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累67Please respect copyright.PENANAEtNiMtyrX3
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖67Please respect copyright.PENANAm9SzfwxsyS
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗67Please respect copyright.PENANAR8qSVoOSEq
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多67Please respect copyright.PENANAvF61wgZVqs
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易67Please respect copyright.PENANA6CfR6bgLhr
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水67Please respect copyright.PENANAHQv041dw6Z
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度67Please respect copyright.PENANAjyn4tuNRtI
同環繞赤道一周差唔多67Please respect copyright.PENANA94lYWSRC4g
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲67Please respect copyright.PENANALlKxvlqoYc
萬一有咩阻滯67Please respect copyright.PENANAYmscFoHlzu
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道67Please respect copyright.PENANAbVKyePshw4
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢67Please respect copyright.PENANA56MShgFpHG
就仆得街喇67Please respect copyright.PENANATE2drk964b
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年67Please respect copyright.PENANA5ayJmBRAb4
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得67Please respect copyright.PENANArhl9M4vLvw
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天67Please respect copyright.PENANA82kuaARtaW
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非67Please respect copyright.PENANAxRTj5SSCiM
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年67Please respect copyright.PENANAopKLToE0KB
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生67Please respect copyright.PENANAzrEWruAXOA
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺67Please respect copyright.PENANACcuFuJ6rRr
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等67Please respect copyright.PENANAnK9Et9t4af
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)67Please respect copyright.PENANAU4UPR9uAqf
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支67Please respect copyright.PENANANFjRRDZT79
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊67Please respect copyright.PENANA0F7rgMeXqt
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢67Please respect copyright.PENANA4hKEBwHK4P
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講67Please respect copyright.PENANA29zFTWDS8u
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉67Please respect copyright.PENANAfdEoXdO7LF
就算食到都消化不良啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAh9aQLhx3bt
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站67Please respect copyright.PENANAzZOFHwWAXE
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向67Please respect copyright.PENANAgnZDguo9DQ
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞67Please respect copyright.PENANAmoglgX9ug6
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多67Please respect copyright.PENANAODSG1A6zDk
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:67Please respect copyright.PENANAOiEMmAWf8G
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢67Please respect copyright.PENANAooLJ356PkS
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫67Please respect copyright.PENANAGGq8jWG3an
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近67Please respect copyright.PENANAf9fes54eT3
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎67Please respect copyright.PENANAjZKRjWRq5K
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力67Please respect copyright.PENANAH4q2JHmcem
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁67Please respect copyright.PENANATdzm8V8W8c
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩67Please respect copyright.PENANAB41cIKyy4R
美洲有耕地67Please respect copyright.PENANArdjIpdAdaU
非洲有人力67Please respect copyright.PENANApmdwUapT9r
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心67Please respect copyright.PENANArTOOSIG9Of
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦67Please respect copyright.PENANAp76luPBjCa
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢67Please respect copyright.PENANAQCiWk5vOQf
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼67Please respect copyright.PENANAgnffzedl1d
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢67Please respect copyright.PENANAPXDo2yNWdd
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國67Please respect copyright.PENANAOUK4zcPbLS
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAwNRty8xBV8
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行67Please respect copyright.PENANAMNCfvi5eKx
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣67Please respect copyright.PENANAC9iHRh1YqC
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴67Please respect copyright.PENANA0q79WlwOUy
由此激發各國投入人力物力67Please respect copyright.PENANAeKBYOf3OKq
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器67Please respect copyright.PENANA16CM5G63kb
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船67Please respect copyright.PENANAY2W1paXFDK
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展67Please respect copyright.PENANASz8FEMUBTb
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等67Please respect copyright.PENANAxW9zgJ6H6J
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話67Please respect copyright.PENANAWIdlxvs43a
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易67Please respect copyright.PENANAHvdsGpskEU
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲67Please respect copyright.PENANA0GDmyYIUFf為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度67Please respect copyright.PENANAkmO251STA0
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:67Please respect copyright.PENANAtb5e3929lA
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?67Please respect copyright.PENANAHSaiQgP4uj
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒67Please respect copyright.PENANAhntL844xEu
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀67Please respect copyright.PENANAR8bHctajNp
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢67Please respect copyright.PENANAECsHMeNa6O
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成67Please respect copyright.PENANArwd022X01R
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉67Please respect copyright.PENANAVRRHpZ4w0z
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現67Please respect copyright.PENANAecsyob0SBL
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲67Please respect copyright.PENANArbNhOnvttI
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉67Please respect copyright.PENANAxDWzkc7G5L
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團67Please respect copyright.PENANANYJosMNydE
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議67Please respect copyright.PENANAwj9qTX4vK3
準備選出新教宗喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAraZHeSYDpv
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖67Please respect copyright.PENANAhQac3IIkgd
自16世紀起67Please respect copyright.PENANAQQArT5hycM
呢個小圈子選舉67Please respect copyright.PENANA0DXZzROn7L
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控67Please respect copyright.PENANAPR87u5auIJ
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益67Please respect copyright.PENANAbdWVHCjavh
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營67Please respect copyright.PENANAQQHkC3WkHD
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤67Please respect copyright.PENANAbiYu5njxaG
有時仲會大打出手67Please respect copyright.PENANAAb2HDkip1V
好似1605年3月嗰次67Please respect copyright.PENANAVLfjAxsfZu
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨67Please respect copyright.PENANA16WjzOPrna
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈67Please respect copyright.PENANAmcx65fLmMq
不過呢個唔係今集重點67Please respect copyright.PENANAjhk0iVovtv
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAsx8Mt2adOT
我直接講個結果:67Please respect copyright.PENANA8cYSe9z0uJ
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗67Please respect copyright.PENANAj713rZA1ad
法號伍朋八世67Please respect copyright.PENANAd23NWI1a7M
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員67Please respect copyright.PENANAl55nve5QZ3
…67Please respect copyright.PENANA6HEHYE6eCU
..67Please respect copyright.PENANALrWKI5csUT
.67Please respect copyright.PENANAvxJZDyFnS9
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???67Please respect copyright.PENANAvKQE6hd2pG
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦67Please respect copyright.PENANARDYdi0B0LO
佢地其實係病死嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANAlCkgE7zIVc
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"67Please respect copyright.PENANA43N1iO7xjJ
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇67Please respect copyright.PENANADCHY4dB7HH
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播67Please respect copyright.PENANAclbyO9KHf4
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時67Please respect copyright.PENANAJrYaRar8nF
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味67Please respect copyright.PENANAQFM6EYmqTv
係會令人發燒同病死67Please respect copyright.PENANAbuzcdi8AxB
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANAFq7eAdCMCs
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後67Please respect copyright.PENANA5pNgq5HW8T
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘67Please respect copyright.PENANAND0y7oqpjC
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體67Please respect copyright.PENANANXDCGI5o2k
帶返去羅馬本土喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAyk4Mk0Ggph
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶67Please respect copyright.PENANAUeUdaQhU2w
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖67Please respect copyright.PENANABb060BqnOA
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地67Please respect copyright.PENANA52wbOjZMNq
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣67Please respect copyright.PENANAhM3xr7WLg0
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時67Please respect copyright.PENANAEErTzopJ5r
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命67Please respect copyright.PENANAR0p5bhfIg4
額我略十五世唔遲唔早67Please respect copyright.PENANAYQnnF9U0eS
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋67Please respect copyright.PENANAWBiRXdO7gS
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇67Please respect copyright.PENANA46f4T5A1SR
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世67Please respect copyright.PENANAKywq3aPzlf
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召67Please respect copyright.PENANA0ROzNEhssW
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAMRYWejGLw3
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病67Please respect copyright.PENANAlYzD6GhyMz
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史67Please respect copyright.PENANAQqOwDx7BxM
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAOaYKfHFsTw
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANAEuh0BlnykN
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法67Please respect copyright.PENANADiISBjtdP4
真係唔醫好過醫67Please respect copyright.PENANAcK8rTpg7ZQ
不過喺呢個大航海時代67Please respect copyright.PENANAQInsmcuDZY
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢67Please respect copyright.PENANAbIPRfqsrCu
16世紀起67Please respect copyright.PENANAZjGkdefmJy
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊67Please respect copyright.PENANA3BHWM6KSL1
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲67Please respect copyright.PENANABNQIxOBev2
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛67Please respect copyright.PENANAJm81wuaqkg
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人67Please respect copyright.PENANAotDkimU79N
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣67Please respect copyright.PENANAzb2bgsMuEe
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目67Please respect copyright.PENANAI8jf78Onnb
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材67Please respect copyright.PENANAyT1MUuz0hB
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英67Please respect copyright.PENANAasnPJRXDaV
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落67Please respect copyright.PENANA4oFlQkPhhP
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAcawezgtusw
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情67Please respect copyright.PENANAecIeJier0N
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....67Please respect copyright.PENANAU9bLI4X1QL
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸67Please respect copyright.PENANAsyxSLUo00u
喺呢個地理大發現時代67Please respect copyright.PENANAiOoa5ee5sY
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置67Please respect copyright.PENANAaBekYImEaT
呢個故事嘅主要成份67Please respect copyright.PENANA9n94Vwhle3
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初67Please respect copyright.PENANAgJ21QBCOrF
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬67Please respect copyright.PENANAQXY28h8VRq
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後67Please respect copyright.PENANASOL6amoFPh
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土67Please respect copyright.PENANARFnCvIWs9u
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場67Please respect copyright.PENANAgaFUC3m8hh
咁有農地自然就要灌溉67Please respect copyright.PENANAmJtFOsBUmv
而灌溉自然就會有積水67Please respect copyright.PENANAeqyYgmb6FE
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAZSQ3ZsAzL3
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲67Please respect copyright.PENANAA1hgPgzb3V
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANA3WVCffNlwI
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大67Please respect copyright.PENANA09Jajxd0Jt
自16世紀中期起67Please respect copyright.PENANAdC5aAbwWVz
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上67Please respect copyright.PENANAEZh6wcZ5OW
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼67Please respect copyright.PENANAiumJq3YS7K
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇67Please respect copyright.PENANANbZ7NAcrYu
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外67Please respect copyright.PENANA8K2PjtQCc4
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲67Please respect copyright.PENANAPr4PXGPNpj
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆67Please respect copyright.PENANA156rxxquVZ
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯67Please respect copyright.PENANApP6zPUnRcQ
如無意外67Please respect copyright.PENANALjKNILDSnC
呢啲新興嘅殖民地67Please respect copyright.PENANAPG0OfbEyA4
將會同羅馬一樣67Please respect copyright.PENANAu2aqatlYTQ
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒67Please respect copyright.PENANAMAr8EyHaWF
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地67Please respect copyright.PENANAsN3E8SWCiv
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士67Please respect copyright.PENANAExNAygPzCX
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANAL6zdqlewcJ
不過喺利馬67Please respect copyright.PENANAyj1UrjMxJI
情況就有啲唔同67Please respect copyright.PENANA9LgbOzQLiE
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情67Please respect copyright.PENANAMW4TWEKdBw
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多67Please respect copyright.PENANAwppX2zhxkX
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"67Please respect copyright.PENANAFThkwLTbmJ
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女67Please respect copyright.PENANABUH0PlufVN
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)67Please respect copyright.PENANA2TQvsg7uva
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)67Please respect copyright.PENANAHQhJCjWVNJ
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人67Please respect copyright.PENANA4DjUxHhCXt
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"67Please respect copyright.PENANADiv4t4kUOa
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾67Please respect copyright.PENANAn6dyBJ0EVH
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAJiQX1wCFOI
不過喺嗰個年代67Please respect copyright.PENANAVd60MGoe2M
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法67Please respect copyright.PENANALLudTnLtyH
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫67Please respect copyright.PENANAl4eo5n5H2Q
其實當時耶穌會啲教士67Please respect copyright.PENANArUOsbgkd5H
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥67Please respect copyright.PENANAhlHqn4qz46
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載67Please respect copyright.PENANA21lLCwWm3l
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩67Please respect copyright.PENANALFwUfb8Jzk
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾67Please respect copyright.PENANAl9iBxgfjxA
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋67Please respect copyright.PENANAlXWdxKE8Di
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時67Please respect copyright.PENANAWxBogPxDK4
因為會引起間歇性高燒67Please respect copyright.PENANAkAfzdUvbEI
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAWYd3HMf1lL
點知咁啱得咁橋67Please respect copyright.PENANAAhD5Kfajbh
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲67Please respect copyright.PENANAchVzOVGP7R
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾67Please respect copyright.PENANAg2nAnZFHoi
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練67Please respect copyright.PENANAnf1dvJF6oI
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下67Please respect copyright.PENANAK1acDbPxtn
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用67Please respect copyright.PENANAH7hShNVXMU
最後喺1632年67Please respect copyright.PENANAIZA17cVyEr
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬67Please respect copyright.PENANAtFdOfdKKTw
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效67Please respect copyright.PENANARcfrvYcOmr
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥67Please respect copyright.PENANApzmYvr3svk
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"67Please respect copyright.PENANA7ulIwChGBB
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAvqicfKurXF
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜67Please respect copyright.PENANA4eRKMmo0xo
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANAF7F2SvmN3h
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANA5xUgotZoWf
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話67Please respect copyright.PENANA2I0ljySana
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地67Please respect copyright.PENANAXEXXnyE9nC
遇到咩奇難雜症都好67Please respect copyright.PENANAzTG6XLjNAc
只要將自己嘅問題67Please respect copyright.PENANAznB07yEgcQ
變埋做其他人嘅問題67Please respect copyright.PENANAgnExw7a6ly
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決67Please respect copyright.PENANAvhaKiBjqnE
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解67Please respect copyright.PENANAsnOzp9awb5
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANA4yD2kWXI3w
佢發夢都唔會諗到67Please respect copyright.PENANAwwzu9nQLW4
佢嗰個大轉移67Please respect copyright.PENANAeVEeXALSFO
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAGMA51TVhp3
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒67Please respect copyright.PENANAyXPBLpYXQM
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥67Please respect copyright.PENANAh6GacyN2ql
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利67Please respect copyright.PENANACDcjPaTeI7
視乎你從咩角度睇啦67Please respect copyright.PENANALDAyM4fa3a
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG67Please respect copyright.PENANALtOTHz0BkJ
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失67Please respect copyright.PENANAiktCF8ga6y
現實就係喺嗰時67Please respect copyright.PENANAeW6WDf0hsY
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴67Please respect copyright.PENANAZjsbtdLfr7
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾67Please respect copyright.PENANAjM8lXCUwEB
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工67Please respect copyright.PENANAUKb3Lw9dk4
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅67Please respect copyright.PENANAuDFnmZ9Dh4
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣67Please respect copyright.PENANAdqnaj7MF1l
都只係數字嚟啫67Please respect copyright.PENANA41oQL0t1GV
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講67Please respect copyright.PENANAEtGlgrdEsn
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題67Please respect copyright.PENANACYsDa4u88F
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣67Please respect copyright.PENANA82GxDuGNs6
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼67Please respect copyright.PENANAXRGPINjMaO
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:67Please respect copyright.PENANASQiOueKK8i
1)苦到仆街67Please respect copyright.PENANA7dkC06TWF4
2)有毒67Please respect copyright.PENANAudfzzOYKFS
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAf96OBw0xtb
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAHon9z99Npq
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人67Please respect copyright.PENANANHuw6AjWlV
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法67Please respect copyright.PENANApVgPODyG1g
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水67Please respect copyright.PENANAvvwTkz8iUB
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下67Please respect copyright.PENANAWxuOxFmpDZ
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?67Please respect copyright.PENANAvp5QirMKIT
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAwJvmHt4zNu
以奎寧為例67Please respect copyright.PENANAcceyZlaoLM
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種67Please respect copyright.PENANAKXfrLQUfCc
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同67Please respect copyright.PENANA2P3tTWBHTU
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟67Please respect copyright.PENANAzEnpYpVR53
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知67Please respect copyright.PENANA0zFu8pzjgT
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉67Please respect copyright.PENANA7IGdjNxIBp
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑67Please respect copyright.PENANA822EJlVUEI
有時會唔夠藥效67Please respect copyright.PENANAhj7Po0Jyrk
有時又過量中毒67Please respect copyright.PENANA79hvQ5ufsC
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲67Please respect copyright.PENANAnXIsz9aQWJ
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?67Please respect copyright.PENANAEtwoy9ECE9
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAYzkeZxM0pF
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為67Please respect copyright.PENANAL35E49mc1c
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉67Please respect copyright.PENANA2fcK9h9TNR
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀67Please respect copyright.PENANAYLaFSCX1mS
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾67Please respect copyright.PENANAEArb7GF3Y0
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇67Please respect copyright.PENANA3OXesZ8Y1W
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 67Please respect copyright.PENANAuQBBGNh9Gf
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲67Please respect copyright.PENANAmJve9K5JLF
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥67Please respect copyright.PENANAIVhzHjMaOi
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒67Please respect copyright.PENANA8uPFX5bHmF
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫67Please respect copyright.PENANAtCvlfkINls
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候67Please respect copyright.PENANAfWTmf4MnOq
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦67Please respect copyright.PENANAGpR3qXolxW
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升67Please respect copyright.PENANA0mUcPxHR6p
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少67Please respect copyright.PENANAZPmdpPNEYB
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命67Please respect copyright.PENANAa11uQ9PiRa
喺名人效應下67Please respect copyright.PENANAFVvcqsTZ0C
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”67Please respect copyright.PENANAXmnfPI8g5w
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAqPXIu19rmH
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告67Please respect copyright.PENANApZXEonv3Xf
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder”
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋67Please respect copyright.PENANAQurrCuJH9c
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子67Please respect copyright.PENANAi9wuuiQHuK
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”67Please respect copyright.PENANAzRbdOb5m1g
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇67Please respect copyright.PENANA2e8ddAA0HW
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限67Please respect copyright.PENANAhlbL5Wkfze
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士67Please respect copyright.PENANAa7oCoyQiDW
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANAKYjvb0N7MJ
要大規模應用喺平民度67Please respect copyright.PENANAJ46pUhejiR
係諗都唔使諗67Please respect copyright.PENANAmA6kYNVeUT
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限67Please respect copyright.PENANAxHrXl09vsT
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識67Please respect copyright.PENANANf8D3gLKFa
正以前所未有嘅速度增長67Please respect copyright.PENANAjGCNUQr5pF
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源67Please respect copyright.PENANAUEJBV3oHZK
而研究出嚟嘅成果67Please respect copyright.PENANAjDxgOXP3Yo
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤67Please respect copyright.PENANAHsxQKFNxTQ
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時67Please respect copyright.PENANAjd28raebSM
人類了解世界嘅方式67Please respect copyright.PENANAv4wlWBYkvV
再唔係好似以前咁67Please respect copyright.PENANAMRiWADiZ34
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAW3dfUK7WLv
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡67Please respect copyright.PENANAILDrmCPltk
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托67Please respect copyright.PENANAAnVf5lFjxX
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧67Please respect copyright.PENANA5OjOvTj51N
自此無論係英王嘅御醫67Please respect copyright.PENANA5fGwpl0fOm
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官67Please respect copyright.PENANAlH1xTgFsDV
只要有本藥典同個磅67Please respect copyright.PENANAoVNIh6Nv0J
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAe3Bk76Q0WJ
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票67Please respect copyright.PENANA6LRB54bUDr
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要67Please respect copyright.PENANAGs8o0zPzgn
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地67Please respect copyright.PENANATV4DqAWJnZ
都深受瘧疾所困擾67Please respect copyright.PENANAtUnatkcEev
例如喺1836年67Please respect copyright.PENANALgNp3LRu6l
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂67Please respect copyright.PENANAOhmbcTuvxD
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡67Please respect copyright.PENANAgnEFTtUhzH
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)67Please respect copyright.PENANAoG9Lh0BUDm
死亡率更高達6成半67Please respect copyright.PENANASNxh9iRu0g
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾67Please respect copyright.PENANAtNrabAUueu
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲67Please respect copyright.PENANAwFAzsYXjlw
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成67Please respect copyright.PENANAY1dwwwuZO1
死亡率之高67Please respect copyright.PENANASPjBSpEK0x
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”67Please respect copyright.PENANAdfU79zk0ZX
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化67Please respect copyright.PENANAPCs3Nv9sbP
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定67Please respect copyright.PENANA6YuAzu8750
到1860年左右67Please respect copyright.PENANA5xxhV7cm3N
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯67Please respect copyright.PENANA9EnzwwZZmS偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園67Please respect copyright.PENANAos7CVRzcTb
奎寧供應大增67Please respect copyright.PENANA3CNJ2Pu6kZ
喺滿足咗本土需求後67Please respect copyright.PENANAg5d5i8Leht
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧67Please respect copyright.PENANAZokRnGrHJP
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用67Please respect copyright.PENANA23J7tZsU2i
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題67Please respect copyright.PENANAazJWGAkUrC
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥67Please respect copyright.PENANAn0TTMqhOZv
原因就係奎寧實在太苦67Please respect copyright.PENANA1Bl9BC01Jh
可能你地會諗:冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛67Please respect copyright.PENANAjADwSFyNnl
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題67Please respect copyright.PENANA9oh8u9sQq7
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話67Please respect copyright.PENANADhUJje66Y0
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食67Please respect copyright.PENANAbadXA9AN1E
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?67Please respect copyright.PENANAArbod9g0jC
就唔同咁講喇67Please respect copyright.PENANAZOVsDm1RjU
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵67Please respect copyright.PENANAd3bNwXjvmC
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉67Please respect copyright.PENANAxu9LAVPzhn
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病67Please respect copyright.PENANAGlT3tij2wK
服從性有幾高可想而知67Please respect copyright.PENANAtxZ5sDwdYT
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫67Please respect copyright.PENANASwTVCfhovk
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話67Please respect copyright.PENANAmN8KA7y0Zu
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講67Please respect copyright.PENANA8UgwZLXnSR
無疑係甘上加甘67Please respect copyright.PENANANgj02Ympad
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢67Please respect copyright.PENANAXAx7LsXJtn
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,00067Please respect copyright.PENANA0CqF4DuLRe
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度67Please respect copyright.PENANAifVqh7fDBm
錢就使咗效果又冇67Please respect copyright.PENANAKHkVjlzXp2
咁點搞?67Please respect copyright.PENANAaeehB6cXqu
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”67Please respect copyright.PENANAqi9vkAYUIS
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案67Please respect copyright.PENANAqMDf5jCcmy
作為糖嘅發源地67Please respect copyright.PENANA8VTveuU2B1
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像67Please respect copyright.PENANA7jhtt5DjW7
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右67Please respect copyright.PENANA7CicrJiWyg
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官67Please respect copyright.PENANAN9m0lhgLiC
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:67Please respect copyright.PENANAZOi2w4lw18
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧67Please respect copyright.PENANA6XNFYO2aAM
溶入高濃度糖水67Please respect copyright.PENANAG4H3mZoy7H
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮67Please respect copyright.PENANAKP4WMVlHMJ
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿67Please respect copyright.PENANArNGikI39vj
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度67Please respect copyright.PENANAOEIcRzMyuB
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇67Please respect copyright.PENANASY4jgqu3y2
啲軍官再進一步67Please respect copyright.PENANACANTi7jVo0
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒67Please respect copyright.PENANAUcMXnRjosF
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
67Please respect copyright.PENANAcfZeKdPqju
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆67Please respect copyright.PENANA4gewpMzRit
法國人曾經試過用紅酒67Please respect copyright.PENANArhW1puqyIc
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪67Please respect copyright.PENANArvLMY46Jjp
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水67Please respect copyright.PENANA14ORt37aWE
味道完全唔融和67Please respect copyright.PENANAzxhPxm9a3I
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味67Please respect copyright.PENANAEK7SWriqpC
後來研究發現67Please respect copyright.PENANAg7ivw67VWS
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份67Please respect copyright.PENANAQvgF424UpF
同奎寧結合成聚合體67Please respect copyright.PENANAH4nEJYVqes
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道67Please respect copyright.PENANAp2bQYht8J7
呢個偶然嘅發現67Please respect copyright.PENANA7CkQuwIOj5
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎67Please respect copyright.PENANArau0ZPgIJU
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵67Please respect copyright.PENANASJdKExwKEx
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧67Please respect copyright.PENANAwNoMicjEqL
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥67Please respect copyright.PENANAFtKBRX7V4O
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品67Please respect copyright.PENANArWce2ARK43
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度67Please respect copyright.PENANAwNQxHAtKOt
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品67Please respect copyright.PENANAsbMABE5PEu
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)67Please respect copyright.PENANAIdRnN6vd7p
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水67Please respect copyright.PENANAM8LsoJUm7U
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水67Please respect copyright.PENANAI0d1gl8mZm
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命67Please respect copyright.PENANAYwjlp9n5uc
例如喺1875年67Please respect copyright.PENANAjaPvLVI4CV
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率67Please respect copyright.PENANAchQmcEq9FL
已經跌到去1.5%67Please respect copyright.PENANAJg0ZRWtmsk
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面67Please respect copyright.PENANAkwuOiUP1Q3
下集會講吓67Please respect copyright.PENANAfhFHRuwdTg
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥67Please respect copyright.PENANASXqVGHsQRw
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運67Please respect copyright.PENANA7wxbPZmBqA67Please respect copyright.PENANABVZha0m9Ne