x
非洲到而家123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2DpQUjR4f1
一分鐘都仲係得嗰60秒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAshATNmJFx
大家有冇諗過係咩原因呢?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTNEr35me1P
今日就用呢一杯Gin & Tonic123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWuI085FmEc
同大家講吓呢個喺各大討論區久唔久都會問嘅問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPvH9mP5t9H
首先要簡單講講個時代背景先123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5lVvRhs6YC
自蒙古冧檔鄂圖曼崛起後123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY1346anC3B
通向東方嘅貿易路線就咁畀班異教徒壟斷咗123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXtVf6xrAm8
運往歐洲嘅香料茶葉以至各式各樣嘅東方商品123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWRN5edyFCW
買少見少之餘亦都水漲船高123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHNpZSX98n1
其中畀人食水食得最甘嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ64KCagFCk9
就係距離中東最遠歐洲最西邊嗰兩隻牙123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9xF5ZYAyTY
喺咁大嘅經濟誘因下123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡypn5f49tth
呢對牙就踏上尋找繞過中東直奔遠東之路喇
首先傳嚟“好消息”嘅係西班牙123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqVARmX7i0j
1493年3月15日星期五中午 123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAEDPuyiNQ0
哥倫布同佢捉返嚟嗰幾個“印度人”喺西班牙嘅帕洛斯港登岸123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrDZx246xAr
斐迪南同伊莎貝拉嗰兩公婆梗係開心到癲啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxZjtGYYtIO
西班牙國王斐迪南同王后伊莎貝拉接見哥倫布123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1NXEP5FweF
跟住葡萄牙亦傳嚟捷報123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyCO8XJpfWV
華士古·達伽馬喺1498年繞過非洲最南端嘅好望角到達印度嘅西岸123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcNqjAJNoOJ
從此葡萄牙就連上咗本身已經非常蓬勃嘅印度洋貿易網123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSLQBn0U2Nh
開始大國崛起之路喇(好似係)
事情就梗係唔會咁一帆風順啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgea1FMAerw
意大利航海家亞美利哥·韋斯普奇喺1506年到達南美洲最南面嘅巴塔哥尼亞123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFAN4ioeuho
證實咗哥倫布搵到嘅唔係亞洲而係全新嘅大陸123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGmlsXPAaUc
(佢個名“Amerigo”亦都成為呢塊新大陸嘅名“America”)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKBIq1KHWj1
咁既然唔係亞洲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz0NNk1HCit
自然就唔會有好似胡椒肉桂呢啲比黃金仲值錢嘅香料123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1I7UD7tqNh
好彩呢度啲生番唔知點解有好多黃金白銀123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7o1jAdlgVM
唉唔理喇殺晒班生番攞晒啲黃金先再講啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCUSWXo5jxh
就係咁喺槍炮同病毒嘅幫助下123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ250c0KL6J9
美洲三大帝國同佢地九成以上嘅國民就灰飛煙滅喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSLk63D4q4h
不過當人又殺晒金又攞盡時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiwxKdd5iIp
西班牙佬面對咁大撻殖民地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWWqWo0Dp9g
日常管理開墾探索全部都要人力財力123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3CtaHq9bTS
攞到咁多地反而成為咗負累123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM8HXp9Aeyr
第一代日不落帝國最頂盛時期版圖123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSqSwMoZdns
西班牙國王菲臘二世喺葡萄牙王位繼承戰贏咗123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy0hNLacaGp
吞埋葡萄牙啲殖民地(除咗澳門)
至於葡萄牙情況都唔好得幾多123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfBOxSZwHVz
雖然繞過鄂圖曼直接同東方交易123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPCtxsN8cvd
可以食少幾浸中間人抽水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjproC6PRls
不過來回里斯本至印度西岸果亞嘅航線長度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrjvdf65u5O
同環繞赤道一周差唔多123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDuDrdKSgkw
成個航程好彩嘅就一年鬆啲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd0qFRDMm2L
萬一有咩阻滯123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr5Sl6dSiLO
船隊趕唔切喺8月尾前趕到赤道123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE8GihmCikh
食唔到最後嗰浸由東非吹向印度嘅季候風呢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgfufauXoX9
就仆得街喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUHGGWfullI
成隊船要喺東非呆等半年123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEUSbf2QZnL
到下一年嘅春季起風先行得123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL2QZ9r1IVw
跟住去到印度又要等到冬天123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC6kst8V3N8
啲季候風先會轉向吹去東非123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSVM9pHJXFh
前前後後成個航程會耽誤多足足一年123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjmo57YnsSu
而航程咁長咁耐真係咩事都可以發生123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgEKnlLM4Cd
成程船又要驚風暴擱淺123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtaOniqdbhz
又要驚海盜、壞血病等等等等123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf5mBr5QUSC
(達伽馬第一次到達印度嘅航程,177個水手就有122個死於壞血病,包括佢個親兄弟)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP5kLQofPTL
另外非洲沿岸設置大大小小上百個補給點同貿易站嘅防守維護開支123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvhYS3MqByJ
加上佢個強鄰兼死敵西班牙又處處圍堵追擊123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡetGOsURAgj
呢啲嘢加加埋埋都幾係嘢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡriE7ihrhKL
對葡萄牙呢個小國嚟講123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡITYgMk4VTB
印度洋貿易呢嚿肥豬肉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP7XYAfxoaK
就算食到都消化不良啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvnnbVgTbUb
15世紀葡萄牙喺非洲沿岸建立嘅貿易站
123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvVVP5S2Gpt
成個印度洋嘅貿易航線完全取決於唔同時節嘅季候風向123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡReo9R2W5NX
就咁睇呢種新興嘅殖民事業都幾惡搞123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCvM9t0lv7p
不過正所謂辦法總比困難多123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIZXmNG7TDa
呢對歡喜冤家都不約而同望向同一個地方:123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlUnN6ALHOh
非洲
當初搞咁多嘢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6v2jWCLD3L
目的都係想得到香料茶葉甘蔗呢啲歐洲種唔到嘅農作物啫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5MJO53geSN
咁既然新大陸嘅氣候同東方咁接近123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4XMD6jL9dK
話唔定可以攞嚟種番呢啲農產品㗎喎123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsr8TdrBuXo
雖然成個美洲啲生番都死得八八九九冇晒勞動力123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmgxFJYR0Sa
不過非洲啲黑鬼個個都大大隻隻咁123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡalPSKWqTqc
運啲過去美洲種嘢唔係就fit晒喇咩123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡClNxN4JRkz
美洲有耕地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7yhYOE7YrZ
非洲有人力123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8WVAsGUuIP
而歐洲就有槍炮、需求同野心123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPmgDpkSNUC
就咁喺1525年歐洲人開始喺非洲捉啲黑鬼過美洲種嘢同開礦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8vnezLTU6c
然後將各類原材料運返去歐洲加工賺錢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJLLKWZvuhq
再用啲錢嚟請人買武器去非洲捉更多嘅黑鬼123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡysL9GZ1lB9
西班牙同葡萄牙開始賺取佢地以往無法想像嘅錢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV74aThnvVW
英國、法國、荷蘭、瑞典等等傳統同新興強國123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1FrD6Dp4Mx
見到咁好賺就梗係叉隻腳埋嚟啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmtEdM7Ijny
隨住呢種名為“三角貿易”嘅經濟模式盛行123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTohSbmFRJY
各國加速佔據非洲沿岸嘅各個河口海灣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHpiSpYZPUA
務求搶奪更多嘅黑奴123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2aQ53dScQC
由此激發各國投入人力物力123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbFYO5npkC1
研究更先進更精密嘅航海儀器123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv8ZzUTkfNn
製造更多更大更快武裝更強嘅船123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMJwieQc7RG
西方科技自始得到長足嘅發展123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGJf1CzfJvs
天文學、機械工程、物流、金融等等等等123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxwnZHVlIfq
如果文藝復興係人類脫離愚昧嘅開端嘅話123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmzEXVShPe4
咁壯闊波瀾嘅“大航海時代”就係現代文明嘅奠基石喇
三角貿易123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVI8ZoYHKFh
250年間有超過兩千萬黑鬼運咗去美洲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2TbPG5QVe7為日後BLM埋下伏線
睇到呢度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiU8PJNWTKQ
相信各位聰明嘅小朋友都會有個疑問:123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqTRwDrcTuD
乜非洲冇地畀佢地種嘢咩?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8nKq9tbsoi
做乜嗰時啲歐洲佬咁撚笨柒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsRooqx3guP
要山長水遠由非洲運啲黑鬼過美洲呀123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKfPZzeZcto
呢樣正正就係今集要講嘅嘢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzBNHFukJlz
歷史係由一連串唔相關嘅偶然所組成123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhjgh6RiSq7
而家就講講喺17世紀一場教宗選舉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkP9OJDZWjK
同一個喺南美安第斯山脈雨林嘅科學發現123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeg7ALYqP81
係點樣喺非洲引發一場持續百年嘅風暴
1623年7月8號教宗額我略十五世病逝享年69歲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjK3SpWAq3s
哦唔緊要咁咪選過個囉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8j5PAo6wNs
於是由54個樞機組成嘅樞機團123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡih28J4qAJu
喺7月16號舉行教宗選舉秘密會議123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiFqbKbQOkJ
準備選出新教宗喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEEiFlXzr2Q
大公教樞機團選老坐示意圖123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyXlHxQEWVD
自16世紀起123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9dCh8ddXYw
呢個小圈子選舉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTdzYEbFyNa
就畀波旁同哈布斯堡呢兩個大公教勢力操控123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNCW1eBw7FZ
啲樞機會根據自己家族嘅利益123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrNgPOBr5ZB
大致分為親法國同親西班牙兩大陣營123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDOkv4W86BN
每次選辦事人時都會拗得面紅耳赤123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7mxI6IbGx8
有時仲會大打出手123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEVegTNxlfU
好似1605年3月嗰次123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbh3w2cuWWg
就有個樞機開會時畀人開拖打斷咗幾條骨123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3lf7dY0PTM
今次個競爭一樣係咁激烈123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjTuXMPGhZ9
不過呢個唔係今集重點123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm0DM1d2bL0
所以就唔花太多篇幅去講喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfYcunx7sx7
我直接講個結果：123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdF7YsxNCWl
半死嘅馬費奧·巴貝里尼當選為第235任教宗123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0Xm1HDMVuV
法號伍朋八世123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYuESdReQQ
而成場選舉最後死咗8個樞機同30個神職人員123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhL9pR6X3cS
…123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWDgfWIoyqb
..123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWVhlgTSCex
.123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTMZkIp6zDT
開個會啫唔使死吓嘛???123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnwPUKjjpKb
咩事搞到咁大壇呀?
伍朋八世
班老嘢就梗係唔係玩往死裏打咁激動啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpxDr6cyJo5
佢地其實係病死嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeKBAz7t4uf
喺呢度要教大家一個中世紀意大利名詞
"Mal'Aria"
直譯就係"bad air""腐敗嘅空氣"123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdKKqJbMVfy
即係現代所講嘅"瘧疾(Malaria)"喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbPhcyK0ZsI
舊時啲人唔知瘧疾係由蚊傳播123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkSuWwGJ8je
佢地只係知每當天氣熱時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7lupuzXGOj
沼澤腐爛動植物嘅氣味123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2dfWlzuzpl
係會令人發燒同病死123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2QzdPbTLsh
呢個就係"Malaria"呢個字嘅由來喇
中國古籍記載喺嶺南雲貴川地區嘅"瘴氣"其實都係指瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY3oFivukU7
呢個係唔同文化嘅人觀察自然現象有共通之處嘅其中一個例子
自古羅馬帝國喺布匿戰爭消滅北非嘅迦太基後123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡasoRdTC5no
羅馬士兵就將迦太基城入面嘅金銀財寶男女戰俘123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0bVKfOxFLk
以及戰俘身體入面嘅瘧疾病原體123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNCvxo2abQT
帶返去羅馬本土喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQzWIYJ1UCp
羅馬城本身係建築喺台伯河嘅沼澤地帶123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm8oOdZx3gh
帶有瘧疾嘅蚊正好喺呢啲地方大量繁殖123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbuQeotAMd6
再經羅馬帝國發達嘅公路網傳遍歐洲各地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDe69Lf1xes
自此瘧疾就好似迦太基亡靈施加喺羅馬嘅詛咒一樣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHYeFqeiDyG
每年夏天炎熱潮濕時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ71bED2mqTB
呢個持續上千年嘅詛咒都會出嚟索命123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeTP7jS4QrR
額我略十五世唔遲唔早123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ89npvyjjze
啱啱好就喺羅馬城最熱最潮濕嘅季節釘蓋123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGb9YvjkPDS
今次算班樞機唔好彩喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgEKOer7wOq
同樣中招病到半死嘅伍朋八世123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXe5QajqcgY
見到咁多同佢一樣本身位高權重嘅樞機蒙主寵召123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw7PChfRhJE
梗係嚇到鼻哥窿都冇肉啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5LDpAinKfB
佢下令要根治呢種沼澤毒氣所引發嘅疾病123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxZyu9Vko4B
咁嗰時計呢隻嘢都已經成千年歷史123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHvVqZ3w319
當然唔會係阿教宗話要根治就根治到啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjo5GrbqfWt
中世紀時啲醫生醫瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR3rM79FTM1
都係用好似放血呀截肢呀呢啲聽落似酷刑多啲嘅方法123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4pCYXmKMPw
真係唔醫好過醫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ457kgFv1lT
不過喺呢個大航海時代123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡewYDAiDVSG
的確提供咗更多更好嘅可能性畀佢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtMd7aeme1x
16世紀起123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwMjn6mkIgk
耶穌會嘅傳教士跟隨住西班牙同葡萄牙嘅艦隊123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ15SlNh6Y0L
去到美洲﹑非洲以至亞洲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYwUeHbx6OQ
大量教廷嘅爪牙深入各地擴張教廷嘅影響力傳播上帝嘅愛123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrZwwaKDIJr
呢啲傳教士並唔係普通嘅人123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiNUKwjHa87
嗰時嘅神學同而家嘅醫科﹑精算一樣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3eGVri1bpY
都係最炙手可熱嘅科目123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfZhnzGcrrF
讀得嘅都係社會上最精英嗰批人材123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEKPs9JAZHd
派得出去傳教嘅更加係精英中嘅精英123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaEGl3LSmYj
呢啲咁聰明嘅腦袋去到世界唔同嘅角落123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡusAn2dH9xi
當然就唔會甘於淨係傳教咁簡單啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHCaKX1GCwf
佢地藉呢個機會研究唔同地方嘅風土人情123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkUDAUelgLU
地理﹑生物學﹑語言學﹑醫藥....123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY45G13s6Ju
西方嘅眼界再唔局限喺歐亞大陸123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFkvo9PVKaK
喺呢個地理大發現時代123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPnYMqMipfZ
呢啲耶撚的確佔咗一個相當重要嘅位置123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg3n0IW4eJs
呢個故事嘅主要成份123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeGHFHEWITT
就係由呢班耶撚所發現㗎喇
間返返去十七世紀初123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuL9BysFCue
地點係秘魯總督區嘅首府利馬123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvIouDN0wYJ
自1535年西班牙佬征服呢度嘅印加人後123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLYCvRJgb26
呢塊位處於安第斯山脈同太平洋之間嘅沃土123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ61P9VySaRJ
就畀西班牙殖民者建立起一個又一個嘅果園﹑酒莊同農場123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJxrJCDTWl8
咁有農地自然就要灌溉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9O3pl5GLy0
而灌溉自然就會有積水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwbdMpGdpFS
咁有積水就自然有蚊患啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfytR3I685L
不過美洲本身並冇引致瘧疾嘅寄生蟲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlu5iPd7UHG
所以利馬建立初期係冇瘧疾疫情嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0beaSgNnPV
但係隨住開墾嘅規模越嚟越大123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡetpLgWD6jc
自16世紀中期起123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrvCtOQxEBK
啲農場主從奴隸販子手上123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHbmHadkWjZ
購入大量由西非畿內亞灣區同剛果河流域捉番嚟嘅黑鬼123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7p4dmHLxgV
而咁啱呢帶嘅雨林就係瘧疾嘅源頭喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqnawCT8Lh8
啲黑鬼除咗為啲農場主提供所需嘅勞動力外123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgxB9eUYqjV
同時亦為啲農場主提供佢地唔想要嘅瘧原蟲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRWvjs3kJya
呢個模式不斷喺整個美洲殖民地重覆123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRfOYW2tg5U
利馬﹑墨西哥城﹑危地馬拉﹑波哥大﹑布宜諾斯艾利斯⋯⋯123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnoDeSa8NFO
如無意外123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJJNBVL9c9v
呢啲新興嘅殖民地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡN8vsrFOc8M
將會同羅馬一樣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3a3nKuJWDN
年復一年咁受到來自非洲嘅詛咒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡv7080hsNtW
秘魯總督區
西非畿內亞灣
嗰時瘧疾的確肆虐整個美洲殖民地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZRRhC48EF7
例如耶穌會派去嘅教士123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4DjDhfCwtb
平均有4份之1會喺5年內死於瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8PFnRl4Hot
不過喺利馬123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpN4rp8FXID
情況就有啲唔同123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtK10QZBCLZ
雖然每逢夏天嗰度都會有疫情123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGRvTV52PGf
不過嚴重或者死亡個案唔多123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ2yXyyz7KD
嗰時教會就將呢個"神蹟"123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhkRfKl4dnd
歸功於當地一個一日拜神拜到黑嘅癲婆聖女123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiaDsGv7CiD
Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586-1617)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4wctJys6QO
法號聖羅撒(St. Rose of Lima)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkIC8IDOy4M
美洲第一個獲封聖嘅人123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmNrUxoNfZs
成個拉丁美洲而家有成堆地方係叫"Santa Rosa"123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzPHmUvpb52
可想而知佢嗰時都真係幾把炮
相信大家用腳趾尾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjzzN7jy5hv
都諗到呢壇嘢同個神女冇關啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2YqteoS8KV
不過喺嗰個年代123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBnHWBeHv1T
呢種藉冊封傻聖人嚟彰顯上帝權能嘅做法123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡroxoMXeT0r
都係教會一貫手段嚟嘅啫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbg2mNQ0K7A
其實當時耶穌會啲教士123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwty1ICoc3c
已經搵到醫治瘧疾嘅藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ71JmUPBTYz
據耶穌會院士﹑著名嘅印加民族學家伯納貝·科博記載123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIeED85saXs
當地嘅印加遺民克丘亞人❨Quechua❩123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbIGmYvoyal
會將一種原生喺秘魯安第斯雨林嘅樹皮曬乾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqzSQyb13ua
再磨粉沖水飲嚟止痾﹑退燒同醫晚間小腿抽筋123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡynugIaFAuJ
當初西班牙人"引入"瘧疾時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxVumhFeg3b
因為會引起間歇性高燒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgM8jMyyXXb
啲土著自然就會用佢地熟知嘅藥去醫啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyNdDF6izOQ
點知咁啱得咁橋123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQsWHxfEbdz
呢種樹皮沖劑退燒之餘仲殺埋啲瘧原蟲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ29sDvIodhB
呢個係人類第一次記載有效治療瘧疾嘅記錄
至於《肘後備急方》呢啲漁翁撒網式嘅"醫書"就唔好提喇
當時利馬教區耶穌會個話事人叫奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJVUSAvEixg
本身喺羅馬受過醫藥訓練123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu7jeiTDc70
喺伍朋八世嘅號召下123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9OeVBYN55W
佢開始反覆驗證呢種樹皮嘅效用123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡathYiNQFOe
最後喺1632年123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7JkKlA63HF
開始運啲樹皮去羅馬123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAve2cwPEpx
經教廷醫生試驗後確認有效123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuIM0os8rpS
自此呢種當時被稱為"耶穌會樹皮"嘅聖藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEighiVFNeV
就成為秘魯總督區最值錢嘅商品喇
手持樹皮嘅奧古斯丁·薩倫布里諾❨Agostín Salumbrino❩
克丘亞人叫呢種樹皮做"Quina-Quina"123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYktVruOUZq
呢個就係奎寧(quinine)呢個名由來喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMeek4N5QhZ
Quinine舊時譯做金雞納霜123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAP2x2rGGRg
相傳係法國耶穌會喺清國嘅傳教士譯嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8ZMF6lWPmS
康熙39歲嗰年中咗瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡstyRg1sI3Q
唔係靠呢隻聖藥嘅話123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcUdIoIhcum
康熙盛世就會變成康熙盛年逝世
呢個故事教訓我地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJCQary5Rc2
遇到咩奇難雜症都好123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSxUw6fKXtb
只要將自己嘅問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvrZW7cnjBR
變埋做其他人嘅問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNxZLaa5pg8
咁人地自然就會幫你諗方法解決123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGzFY2Oj8FN
大家諗諗自己戴咗幾耐口罩就知點解123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAQ6IElFF3l
咁當然哥倫布都冇心嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDkYyp2kquB
佢發夢都唔會諗到123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZBlfnnEep3
佢嗰個大轉移123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNxbjE1ozU7
係可以換到咁多解決舊世界問題嘅方法啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgLU0K4UlKB
哥倫布大轉移
一個來自非洲嘅魔咒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoQzo6UUc1z
竟然喺一個風馬牛不相及嘅地方搵到解藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUU8StYR158
只可以話呢個係上帝嘅恩典/科學嘅勝利123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWFrAkuIb89
視乎你從咩角度睇啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlVN7156ljH
不過現實唔係童話故事又唔係RPG123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTrf5YUwFuf
瘧疾並冇因為主角搵到解藥就"叮"一聲消失123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO6YoJ2HK4c
現實就係喺嗰時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ13cecVratj
呢啲樹皮相當稀缺亦都相當昂貴123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy2OQufSppE
例如喺17世紀嘅布魯塞爾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb8n89to9RJ
一劑藥大概等於普通人一個月嘅人工123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHPjNCmcqr8
咁其實貴都唔係問題嚟嘅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2cu61hXNs5
始終自古以來貧窮人口同牲口一樣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLItUnI9woC
都只係數字嚟啫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7ojvdmDXAu
對啲畀得起嘅達官貴人嚟講123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqi0PSgm4Xx
奎寧嘅特性先係最大問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBYEBShuHcL
同大多數草藥嘅主要有效成份一樣123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqWUBKEgb7l
奎寧都係屬於生物鹼123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUNJuUvJsZC
而生物鹼都有呢兩種特性:123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQxUCuBcpxI
1）苦到仆街123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoNkaV5DAz0
2）有毒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡP6O6xmwt2P
味道呢家嘢遲少少先講啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyMV3ZoKVii
而家就講吓第二個問題先
好耐以前人類已經用草藥醫病㗎喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWLhTs6hX7a
最早嘅紀錄可以追溯到5000年前美索不達米亞嘅蘇美爾人123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR7xUMlUpsp
咁舊時各個文明使用草藥嘅方法123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi1eA6xR4Ua
不外乎都係磨粉沖水或者幾廿味藥材三碗水煲埋一桶水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEPF0kWHhRH
但啲草藥喺呢種原始狀態下123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXOuNEQ5r2R
飲嗰條友可以攝取到幾多有效成份呢?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyca0Kt2EcG
就完全靠醫師嘅經驗同運氣喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVHpRCLKwY7
以奎寧為例123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPy5YIAcpvJ
金雞納樹總共有廿幾個品種123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFAVD9kyBQt
每種樹皮奎寧含量都有所不同123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡugObLFaksk
而當時植物分類學仲未發展成熟123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9EYkSxARYI
有時連嗰棵係唔係金雞納樹都唔知123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDcsrqdCaQV
都仲未計啲奸商溝啲其他樹皮入去磨粉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8WHaNZyvP2
所以同樣重量樹皮沖出嚟嘅沖劑123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmaSBttyUQE
有時會唔夠藥效123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡChCTsqBDLX
有時又過量中毒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjkOb2RpyMd
由耶穌會供應嘅都叫穩陣啲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXmN1Wb6Gpb
如果好似英國呢啲要靠走私商人供應嘅更正教國家呢?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO6qzdoMzSd
啲來貨質素就可想而知喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd8ke8F6HN1
所以喺初期啲新教徒都認為123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHF2weHH9m6
呢隻飲完一係冇效一係就耳鳴嘔吐甚至升仙嘅藥粉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvkx8Ow5dkd
係教廷消滅新教徒嘅陰謀123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2ZCKHryhqk
例如嗰時英國嘅大獨裁者護國公、對羅馬教廷深痛惡絕嘅克倫威爾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOkbYHcUvri
就明令禁制呢隻"教皇嘅毒藥"喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPHGKyumJJv
奧利華•克倫威爾 (Oliver Cromwell) 123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlIi3Ruf68M
1658年9月3號因瘧疾併發症病逝享年59歲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeaBsSqDH0l
直到死嗰刻都唔肯聽醫生意見食呢隻藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQWSyT9zRSW
可想而知呢個軍頭份人係幾咁㒼塞
咁當然無論係大公教徒定更正教徒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1XKbLylRB5
都係得把口信上帝嘅啫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHdg0zpjgSZ
到佢地真係有機會提早見上帝嘅時候123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKPmyW5sa7x
就個個都耍手兼擰頭㗎啦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6WA3x2ZmSw
隨住用藥經驗不斷提升123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfzQAMiYp5Z
服藥過量中毒嘅情況逐漸減少123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxUJC58hhTT
加上陸陸續續有唔同王親國戚因呢隻藥執番條命123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3TpHpWhS4d
喺名人效應下123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrF64REoMLY
歐洲醫生逐漸放棄催吐、放血呢啲傳統“療法”123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4ZMLTG1nHw
金雞納樹皮就成為醫瘧疾嘅黃金標準喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWUwI2Nhzhs
1658年倫敦一本週刊嘅分類廣告123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdfUOH7lAMl
第三段就有介紹喺邊度買到呢隻來自安特衛普嘅“Jesuit Powder” 
世事往往就係咁啱得咁橋123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfX6Xhb9s1M
當時因為奎寧執番條命最著名嘅例子123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ03z4cV8Tp2
就係呢位因克倫威爾軍政府倒台而得以復辟嘅查理二世喇
所謂“神農氏嘗百草”123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVxO1Jd2QMp
古今中外各種文明都係以呢種trial & error嘅方式去試藥㗎喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcEWtGLEUjP
但係穩定嘅貨源同有經驗嘅醫生始終有限123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFgkqEISB1f
喺嗰時只有啲名流紳士123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMldcZU5SRr
先有資格用到金雞納樹皮嚟醫瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXYi7vLWSt5
要大規模應用喺平民度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY4gXzCaeRx
係諗都唔使諗123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYJ0KdUCex
呢樣亦都係自古以嚟傳統草藥嘅局限123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOAmfS0Ctau
不過嗰時歐洲人嘅眼界同知識123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6fkN74QLhV
正以前所未有嘅速度增長123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXUMNylqmdG
好奇心驅使科學家探究事物嘅根源123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj43N5n4Ymn
而研究出嚟嘅成果123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb9sBim8aFA
就經貿易化成滋養呢啲好奇心嘅土壤123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrDGBOWwXUo
當占星術變成天文學、錬金術變成化學時123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ5GFnpKNpl
人類了解世界嘅方式123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbvhqQxeHKu
再唔係好似以前咁123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeCsTLaM2FW
用神學或者體液學說呢類玄之又玄、摸唔到睇唔見嘅“論說”喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOB4RvMxgZS
1806年德國化學家弗里德里希·史特納成功從罌粟中分離出同樣係生物鹼嘅嗎啡123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡthKXa1ULDB
受到啟發後兩個法國化學家佩爾蒂埃同卡文托123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6oaWHA3Zgm
喺1820年成功從金雞納樹皮分離出奎寧123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqmaRMhemWn
自此無論係英王嘅御醫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnHZh2CalLz
抑或係喺孟買軍營入面嘅軍需官123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRkpAPlumoP
只要有本藥典同個磅123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCkY9oT3hrQ
就可以處方到準確劑量嘅奎寧喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡW1YJL6Ox4M
法國記念發現奎寧150周年郵票123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAsv3XexTGP
如果嗰時有諾貝爾獎嘅話佢地肯定攞獎
呢個發現對英國同法國呢兩個殖民大國尤其重要123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3MbQQiO1JN
一路以嚟佢地喺熱帶尤其係非洲嘅殖民地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlMNQRSEvaU
都深受瘧疾所困擾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgIl97CIKu6
例如喺1836年123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfHFSXscVd1
英國喺西非嘅殖民地塞拉利昂123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNPdD40INsZ
每1000名英軍就有成486人死亡123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7xC28ZdXbG
英國另一撻同樣喺畿內亞灣區嘅殖民地黃金海岸(即係而家嘅加納)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMRsYVXw9Ks
死亡率更高達6成半123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA4ExkeVGgG
當中超過三分之一係死於瘧疾123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkPfQsgVWRE
法國嘅塞內加爾因為遠離瘧疾肆虐嘅畿內亞密林情況就好啲123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5aeVoo5Ms
但駐軍嘅每年死亡率都超過兩成123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb9QAU7rWLg
死亡率之高123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMBrv8WvS8O
以至英國同法國曾經諗過放棄呢啲“White man's grave”123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhy3ZZzSwob
好彩隨住製造奎寧程序標準化同工業化123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡn2mr6AKFYa
奎寧供應喺1840年代開始穩定123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWVbiS4mvPk
到1860年左右123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMspXRNgd4U
英國同荷蘭成功從獨立後囤積居奇嘅秘魯123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7zp6FqULBC偷移植金雞納樹苗到印度同爪哇嘅種植園123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF8H6gkWnHe
奎寧供應大增123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3R7mERLoeU
喺滿足咗本土需求後123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXj81Indcir
各國開始向殖民地駐軍每日配給奎寧123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBcuU15zNMu
以作治療同預防瘧疾之用123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡq68wzaDBoG
西非各國
不過佢地好快發現另一個小問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX4SgpWmjZZ
啲士兵根本冇食到每日配給嗰啲藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5vmAiDe1RE
原因就係奎寧實在太苦123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGgJ0uMHuU2
可能你地會諗：冇錯正所謂苦口良藥吖嘛123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnZmNqEnyFs
苦咪苦囉其實冇乜問題123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIsdevgEYCU
如果條友病到死死吓嘅話123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQnp4cI0NyI
唔好話苦味啦就算係屎味佢都會照食123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDxJv51xWhK
不過如果冇事冇幹純粹食嚟預防中招嘅話呢?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEZzY2bb0QD
就唔同咁講喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQMMJg2rjF5
要班盲字都唔識多隻嘅大兵123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ03t04IEPul
每日食啲苦到可以當催吐劑嘅藥粉123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYU21bxiR0N
去“預防”一種佢地未經歷過嘅疾病123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbSgWRvDYsp
服從性有幾高可想而知123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEzOWMIlVz7
雖然中咗瘧疾都會有藥醫123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡd3YM1Xt6XV
不過成個殖民地枕住有一堆士兵臥病在床嘅話123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZLBmRSe3eT
咁對本身已經好甘嘅殖民地維護開支嚟講123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOUXZg65fhn
無疑係甘上加甘123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6QaxiHUZYs
要知道各國喺瘧疾預防上可謂大灑金錢123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2pNDzjDvEY
例如英國每年就使咗超過£60,000123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ22azJEA4WL
即係折合現時大概七千幾萬港紙喺預防性奎寧配給度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEH6ghhMYmn
錢就使咗效果又冇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxnzLQO4LHY
咁點搞?123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡORbvxvq5lv
“嗚...條女冇咗lu...”123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6nbQ0erowV
法國“勸喻”殖民地士兵每日服用奎寧嘅海報
英國人喺印度搵到答案123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfPGnhJDW4x
作為糖嘅發源地123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYR647UvC9Q
印度人用糖嘅程度超乎常人想像123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlocYqUehbk
(食過印度甜品都會知點解)
喺1850年左右123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8m911avKCb
英國東印度公司駐孟買嘅軍官123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhcz2SzKfpk
開始流行一種服用奎寧嘅方法:123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2tAVIJd4Yj
佢地將每日配給到嘅奎寧123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM15ErcqTz2
溶入高濃度糖水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgnBGdAnmYN
再加啲檸檬汁同檸檬皮123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqRoNYHDeyo
製成風味獨特嘅奎寧糖漿123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5rwMmJZUtO
將呢啲糖漿稀釋成合適嘅甜度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU5MIZwgh4u
就成為現今湯力水(Tonic water)嘅雛形喇123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwjCG8Ak9vw
啲軍官再進一步123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWx7Ox0R6DY
用呢啲湯力水勾兌當時平到可以當水飲嘅氈酒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFs25DfxwZN
一款苦中帶甜、清新爽口嘅雞尾酒就誕生喇
![[offtopic]](https://cdn.lihkg.com/assets/faces/normal/offtopic.gif)
123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfXZ2i1dJ8e
用氈酒嚟溝湯力水可以話係神來之筆123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡte1TTmkzgn
法國人曾經試過用紅酒123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzQDrcu9j3Z
不過溝出嚟嘅味道好怪123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa8hC4UUaks
只係似加咗糖而帶強烈苦澀味嘅藥水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7kAaVaLgad
味道完全唔融和123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8qk6eiquS4
而平價嘅氈酒出奇地掩蓋到奎寧嘅苦味123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhpL24uwUgb
後來研究發現123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡa9OGepTIGV
原來係氈酒入面杜松子嘅成份123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsOTDHqY85r
同奎寧結合成聚合體123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOxKHrNixNr
大幅改變奎寧嘅味道123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPtsiuUS70p
呢個偶然嘅發現123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWEZ7olKCev
都可以當做呢篇非洲血淚史嘅一個小小嘅註腳嘅
呢款充滿異國風情、被稱為“Gin & Tonic”嘅雞尾酒即時大受歡迎123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRx7TAk3o1p
佢嘅配方通過水手同退役歸國嘅官兵123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwf0ddgqSV8
傳遍各殖民地以至歐陸各國嘅酒吧123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡG94xSVKsfN
一時間奎寧就由難以下嚥嘅苦藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJYxSQZKVhy
變成社交場合必備嘅飲品123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeU44kIsW9r
湯力水受歡迎嘅程度123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdHryHFmcGK
甚至開始有公司改良同製作商業產品123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmdmp782Auj
好似發明樽裝梳打水嘅Schweppes(玉泉)123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjozeiQ2qf4
就喺1870年將奎寧糖漿加入樽裝梳打水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYcVIERtlLB
成為方便攜帶飲用嘅有汽湯力水123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzXNKfW1xdY
唔同時期嘅Schweppes湯力水樽
奎寧的確拯救咗好多英國以至歐洲人嘅命123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPdfWdXgUMP
例如喺1875年123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLI60ypWnPn
英軍喺塞拉利昂嘅死亡率123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdtwds6UUPw
已經跌到去1.5%123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTeIYsAJqLf
不過正所謂每個銀仔都有兩面123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGuknQaRsSC
下集會講吓123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiIjGA7tbEm
呢隻邱吉爾口中所講救人無數嘅聖藥123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIdKjQOfbW2
係點樣改寫無數非洲人嘅命運123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4cFd3PoQ0Z
123Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡutdHSU3sWr
