近兩日看到了下面一則新聞,因而生起念頭寫上本篇文章,介紹一下人工降雨的概念。1298Please respect copyright.PENANA1Imr26aKHF
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「中國福建省寧德市因日前缺雨,官方宣布8日至9日將進行「人工降雨」,不料,8日下午市區突降暴雨、嚴重淹水,不但汽車直接泡水中,還一度緊急撤離居民,民眾懷疑應是「人工降雨」劑量錯誤釀禍,感嘆「寧德大概是第一個因為人工降雨把自己淹掉的城市吧!」,對此,官方未多做說明。」1298Please respect copyright.PENANAGMXZe7FfQ91298Please respect copyright.PENANAGNDH9krad0
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(圖2)要了解人工降雨的原理,我們自當然要快速了解一下雲到底是如何形成,以及甚麼條件會觸發下雨事件發生。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAOl5WwkSk3a1298Please respect copyright.PENANADCgMVeyNkp
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太陽為大地帶來溫暖,亦同時把海洋的水份蒸發成氣體上天。1298Please respect copyright.PENANA4A4l7fvAGA
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高度越高,溫度便會越低,水蒸氣亦會變成為水珠。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAUZDwumziiB
而當水珠遇上各種微粒(如圖中所示)後,便能在其上凝結。1298Please respect copyright.PENANACrgUMrUs11
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(圖3)凝結在微粒的水珠最終會變成為結晶狀。當這些結晶集合一起後,便會形成雲。1298Please respect copyright.PENANA7LGhFaBm8b
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隨著時間推進,大地的水蒸氣不斷湧上天空,源源不絕的水珠不斷在結晶上繼續凝結,導致結晶體積越來越大。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAFryiK64TH1
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當結晶體積大到某一個程度的時候,便會因著地心吸力的緣故降落到地上,亦即是雨。1298Please respect copyright.PENANA0OO5etOZE6
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(圖4)其中一種人工降雨的方式,亦是中國在北京奧運及西藏地區常用的手段,就是利用地上燃燒或者飛機、無人機以及火箭的方式把化學物(silver iodide,AgI)注入到雲中裡頭。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAASjp8xOhUl1298Please respect copyright.PENANAFuGytApF3l
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AgI的角色就是促進水珠結晶的形成,提供一個優越的表面讓雨裡的水珠凝結,加速結晶體積增加的速度,最終誘使雨水降到地上。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAUT24NTBHzx
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這種人工的方式至少有兩種限制,一就是雲隻的存在,若果天上沒有雲的話,你送多少AgI上天也是徒勞無功的。1298Please respect copyright.PENANANMITqB6mW7
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二就是雲隻的溫度,雲的溫度隨著高度亦會有所不同,只有低過攝氏零度的雲隻AgI才會發揮顯著功效(Ref1,2)。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAx7uu75n0MA
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因此,這種人工降雨的方式必需配合各種的天氣感測或量度系統輔助,才能找出適當的時機製造人工降雨。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAUB4QJpIhpE
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另一方面,這種人工降雨的方式無疑是先洗未來錢,中國在2018年的西藏地區至少興建了500個焚化爐(Ref3),意圖大幅增加西藏地區的降雨量。1298Please respect copyright.PENANAqryYo3AsWy
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這種手段間接促使到鄰近地區無法獲取充足雨水,這責任又應該是由誰來負責呢?而且,瘋狂運送科學物到天空,受害的最終會是誰?1298Please respect copyright.PENANAvJeXUiyrRJ
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那些「不應存在天上」的化學物,又是否會導致酸雨發生呢?1298Please respect copyright.PENANA4KLAxllcNv
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Ref1:http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.17169951151298Please respect copyright.PENANAaH07TmLENp
Ref2:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S092188311000169X1298Please respect copyright.PENANARzga9WfuIR
Ref3:https://singularityhub.com/2018/04/24/china-plans-to-bring-artificial-rain-to-area-three-times-the-size-of-spain/1298Please respect copyright.PENANAsnQKgE4HbL