全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbnHNpzMiw0
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2YatE6dYOW
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ90Pzzr6tJj
在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXR4eAHvRIl
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg09SU3kPuc
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHRzkpPAupm
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7UziDUp2A4
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6EC6DQJpkh
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnCLqFKOMoj
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOArtUSBRmj
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkzJmjpi7VB
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFvuiorxVJl
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoxT7jpW0p9
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp2LJ2mV6LJ
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7CdZugrn7x
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp4UxG5n1zC
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTovomHy6Us
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrYfOLM55NP
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjJeHjlIs3H
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC8RsDHtoG1
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡImkdojo6mX
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7LC5bRJ7Nu
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjrJjo0FAys
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCB7o29LrQI
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeZwGCQNXoF
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJPoZxBzadK
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLi86CSIzko
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3garLlFfPU
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkkX4gy4Knk
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWyjDvmsaHm
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPgiMwday7l
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡma7HmBofPv
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyBiqIuvR0f
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUdCUSIozth
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKhAcQafOUk
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcfFANpfBA3
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYr8QtthN9D
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpgjI7eBnyc
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp4HcgpRaSl
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfHwijnKl8x
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjnzSbT0dlU
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWhMYssoNp5
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjVbC6iKwh0
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqBBDHlQGK6
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡceSChRa9un
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfM8FrgywY9
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgSwmORGHbF
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvlOiklAtEq
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuZN5fii1et
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEppQRfOaKE
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTeqFODgGdr
Link:534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw6TbcEAy5D
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYyuifecfzi
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHC0sCskSJV
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmscvmFXCsO
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhy2vUf6hw3
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyOGQkUfMTf
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFnKwXNeFox
534Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKMz628RR75
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
