x
全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWFCQoFGap5
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzol10v6tM5
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg5fpz6H9di
在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9H1uVbsrL3
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwieHiXWEKF
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHuxKH8R3pB
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8s5egxrXj7
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7oFj8yF0vc
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBMoLDjd6i9
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3ueyvaBzRW
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOFjL7XoiKj
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡef8iCknGJV
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ0VyiETHth
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiROeC4M3eX
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnwmJGMGJCn
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Kl3hLvGUF
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvwr36gYT7z
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbyaMg2i3hb
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvQcqY8rAey
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqgFWUrju3N
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXhfJfxbnly
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLYB1jKl3p1
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgIPyX1r5xq
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuIRv1eJi3d
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLD2Rn371E2
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKlRYCpkrn6
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ91auDRURKe
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡO8HG39iDGL
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡljycwhBUSP
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQDNtirB28V
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl3NIf8Idsb
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9BAavYLu46
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpTddLFrUHj
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEOD0KKPWPz
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkV9qFWlHo6
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvDmPH18hZm
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡV57sVhXkFc
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpC48WypFII
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡATokFxwTcV
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoF9wHh9A3I
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8qSAczZvIQ
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS8wH6raR6Z
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFE3rryuYTz
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdzPwwUbCwy
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ5GL8cYEAP
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD5X1smXWo5
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWtDG2nDXDy
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9fTwBrRjYa
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjxwJtcCZNf
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWEphI006yu
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTsfvOaTZFt
Link:458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA7VFznZ64x
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ52UQWAiK7o
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZNLKUWNQUO
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡk04MbGPd8Q
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJcySh7yvln
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY20HQNYdM3
https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLTjbPjTf1c
458Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQPG6Q8FUpa
Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
