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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuHs4efLoO5
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡekoJzLzYSo
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMURdoijqXL
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ707Lp7gLbo
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGpfIbGdkEV
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoiFJsDjKR7
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNzDUs6yd8F
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNQ3WrFU4Cv
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmBAQT1mbPm
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOM4bG7UfTJ
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHOMDVSLRNz
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoms3nNKngG
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhDoZkySflT
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnpjFuembrR
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzQ7mUcZGM1
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfL2SbZjdxc
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXrrE2xih5Z
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX1U25oUgjk
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡD5Qm69U1r2
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSoBy66PTGT
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiXzGW7DEd9
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNldNaFPt79
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZoOouYeMdg
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIndl2RVHDH
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHrTtWpa9FZ
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5tWcGSy88m
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDBr3aNLhuO
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVe5rvQjvwv
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXKcYUUfIGU
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKWpqNVFaIV
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzUc8hHlOz4
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlwojH2G4SS
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMLEwDyh3fG
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡE6mXeaxQJc
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8czYnQlZue
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSy10T6ca7H
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGjKas6btv6
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKYXWpvhMDv
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡl51CmUUUFj
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0g6Mi6NwCZ
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoTsGkYlw9h
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8X8CnhjVOb
437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7MGERCxl77
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUvtWsTeEqR
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Link:437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnXqVqvvEpo
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXEjn3ahCuP
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDyLGygzWCl
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/437Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjPYEsNbAoR
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
