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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmDd8NBZs2G
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUvoUUjdUY7
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(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp5iVzOhtvH
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想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCgqjPVVvpY
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因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3mUCO6OD6v
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtWwGuTrjVd
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題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkGqRLMxkCy
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(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxw60mz3Py4
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Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Hqk8Ff9qY
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新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYR6KVKIPMt
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(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1Mmqk7YRjt
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答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXpPuEryNhg
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Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGL3wVsuyRr
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以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI3dCFYlRQU
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相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRmxMGXjwgI
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWeDCTCMNkB
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顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtEUl7dIi7D
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在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7TzHqgc8h8
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同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs1VYxsx0mN
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以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbEIqomqAvu
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzETYCVtJ6K
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡU0Q2FyN5HT
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdy7A28G9y1
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Link:511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1PmS7OdtQ9
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg99nJUquKd
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。511Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNvoVXS8tEf
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
