吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkbZ7ZiYDEL
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbMXUYNxboM
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJ0zBSGHaWZ
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ17KzIijT1a
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt7sX9yJ4ML
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiTd5y7h5qh
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3n1VYsV6WP
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPvLuAN5oMr
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ7p4j6IVgZ
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNB81IdY5Gt
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡBTM1x5bOSY
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiln373CTD2
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEgPYX9qOH7
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQbhKr4KOqR
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSbF8zS1nNt
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6r7l0rwcKY
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNH0VA1wh4j
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡygUb6awvno
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjIf3WJQk2Z
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ09Fyg79qr8
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdK3UBotAr0
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXXWHblEX07
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHZ3YCNJx7R
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7CEUWGKCcu
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ54Etg011o7
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnAFHHa7RrV
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoqxX7O2CyD
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ70ubX2mjYE
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紅點:Cd(OH)Cl972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWlKjUfx30f
綠點:CdSO4972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfE5EFq9xr9
藍點:CdCO3972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlWZYBZO5r4
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuzZtPmtQy0
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxkGks4yFFX
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXyZBpLNTIq
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi33pQ2Rf70
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqhcBIA94SG
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmEUdhHuPM8
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1VECi2UlXq
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy4bCFCbS76
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp3QLlGVBFL
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡx5RIjnoOYb
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡicz8FmToTn
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2xAi13oPwf
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOlOf9qjPxT
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9XG0es8oMb
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw05ixBgSOH
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWgDpChQZZi
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz6pnkpm8JU
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAiYrzM6JfI
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1kaSJqdL1y
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjeUuivp4s6
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8Vd47qeeMh
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuyVPckD5J5
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYzXjBR7EIg
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0th8B9Iq6V
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmjWC1RdCzW
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMxkx4RYCT8
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ53fvtiWXiY
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoYGCF8po9f
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2j8qvBaegR
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwE45xndVvq
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnLBzX4GtEB
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLwIaBhBJYF
Link:972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYfMmGe6Fzd
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1xvmHXvU6y
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfveK3NFP9M
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHfwFnxJfQn
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhkqMUVSECf
972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwPfkYoRZEu
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514972Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEjhg4YStc8
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