吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡltbzxi7YI4
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJq12gQI8P4
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmyLF6oy0Db
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw5AThYZYJw
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ904ekqP9ro
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNzd1hUxUmZ
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMjBWcD0bRG
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLQT12TDhFx
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFNxFbNHA8q
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ1wJ0AKQzz
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8tbtgsMfV1
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpi1HIqkeDX
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFGBPe4zXY3
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡft6haKC86v
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8A3lQSJHxe
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYkUj7nlOXG
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2AGWsDs6HN
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4elKfdJI1Z
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKXbHuNa8rl
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS0Kk0mQQf5
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdkAloGznm9
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡFEGV82dUpR
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIxrTeXa3RA
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB4pVQqEqmq
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYEj03ErUxv
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1yYW5B1XhC
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkhnVf4SHFM
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡda9mKEznDY
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0gy0ZfxAIU
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkckZpNSK2j
綠點:CdSO4947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRktuLGXkDu
藍點:CdCO3947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwv6sPSaO58
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRzVDafcOb6
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI3m4AJiI95
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUnrMGpSNat
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947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgPB6ABY1e9
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu77s701T4J
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaNWB3B4yt4
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡutYP3tVtI7
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrT8smaUA3p
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6E2gd6Wvfa
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpajiWLPomZ
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfG2lPDijbf
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡX0FCElgsw0
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ5gx3Sssso
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp06T3TsmuE
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr5EXvchFO3
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2Oc1dDxCn2
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7oHjFyrQjv
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡp5bJfPZIZZ
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeQAbpFj8GI
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMjdEdKh3qx
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUFLL3FC4j4
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡusHiHqO95Q
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqqIJ3x1vUc
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyZ0BMpoUJ9
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5RlAYhDYjm
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtvojC0Z2Qg
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrXpeMYylG9
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHkzcooRUE5
Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCbzEPwKoEG
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2IEbw9AFy3
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKO0wseZxVf
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHuRoqIgJYA
Link:947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe33TL7DJ6i
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZk9dQmXoWo
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsolFKbQohL
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ49psNuZFzA
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4FQpPqd7Nu
947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPNt9qAUwGD
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514947Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡm5rrhxLzB0
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