吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4RzfQIgDKC
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkNkeIQOlvo
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他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ4JFoN1yxQU
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyT0GLmIJ5I
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuzVjBk09Qe
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcCAmWsU82n
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（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnpEYGiR8Ee
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Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJwZ45ni41M
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu9aMZb9eo6
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSQHHFq8dMX
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhqrZjDpmPd
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxDeMGEFKqS
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZEhWDuAEys
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnm54izgaBg
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfa5gL52RSR
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwpNiPjTv8K
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDthJnJJH49
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM4SUWm1VeV
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6WRqpwAkh7
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991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAkJZK855NB
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR4h1FR5YiW
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt3wu2h0bvY
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSQbOaNIBcu
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3Q7ha3CoYw
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY42BwIZyDB
綠點:CdSO4991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2JJNAxZ5vI
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991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyqPGLbbAeB
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ70ow7Nz2RM
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwDTAVHv5j9
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmXYVmnKKJD
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拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdqpCNeeYq2
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHl51gTmHUS
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5lOrL18quq
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡngUBI7xTuk
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkrr1QqCNQE
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHTHRT3W81Y
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3b7QFBfPhZ
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbVPPUCLsLq
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjMpzlL4eHY
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡo9NJP2HE3w
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7gtroO6jMu
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7V9NccfzoE
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbt6R9Ic80D
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡldMaSZrXZc
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmA9UFKR6TF
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTO1UWCc50r
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjry5Ue5Qzg
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxzUFRpoREA
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCIqKNkJXnt
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXJL5JYlLo8
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡISvlyxIBLg
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzJ7XuOpX3H
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSKOnfnmD8j
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvIEIzqggiI
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxUByLXxois
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgohtVR8AAt
Link:991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcWRXXWRfE
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡafbuZl17GU
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ7FSttCIpMO
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡb85kmaBxmZ
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡkQnLLTxbUg
991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIP0tQRxTcu
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514991Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡejM46FTguJ
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