吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOPQPkqviWz
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他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDACZqbBKFX
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作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1fqrqy0TRr
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（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCXwwQaACOA
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Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡztZaYMtulU
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3xUmYMqZi2
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbfQRicVfj9
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3uuxtCrU5b
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOpNXcmagyl
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXVsPEbSV3b
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB94XR3Bgfa
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Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡrQHAOARPQm
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ80gVvFoaML
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（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPSDIAIkUfM
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圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdVTAYjeika
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下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIU2f3BIl4p
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紅點:Cd(OH)Cl949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡcXvTIBzUdc
綠點:CdSO4949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQ4UCuPqOIr
藍點:CdCO3949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡY9QPfnmBtz
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxkxETk0Cad
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxcu7yeKcgu
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL7VemmvwUs
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拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡygCDjrt3Jv
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5GKuWVCeZM
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPEWUBBHSjA
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2UD64Dd9MU
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡe28oP0Vh3Z
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然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwm5ldvjFMt
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（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGNYz9MA5V9
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3sMTXLrk24
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjAtg419W3d
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUGibKC1w1g
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpJ9CIw4YZ6
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgtQQ1SA2vp
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeXBQKKLDvH
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvX1ynESIUO
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHoZlFeaKXr
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基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVnBHUphfMA
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf9hEqIGbGe
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiMuwP25ML0
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB3mnZZAF5N
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwtAf4y4zp2
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Link:949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaZjfLosSbg
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNYhZf5N0qC
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzI9cn4ZV6v
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡc7XNkMUn4B
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVg2TeVhPcS
949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRWbPXUg5r4
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514949Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeb9TwBzCAt
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