吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiQRLefIBe5
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvbHCOilOfj
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhOdtEaMQWM
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr3dAsPwgTS
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡugcBerog5j
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC5OM609vof
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9HANaHi3RO
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ25uo6YKzN3
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoIX7GqG4l7
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoTlv3TNQG9
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡeHIFDX2jU5
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqc1I6gGjoM
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWmBFpQj3HB
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuObTPjaBHk
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvagjsJI7j4
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡj3b8nZyKtM
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoJECGseuuk
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJfDHLcv10P
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuLro8uW8hK
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEqpfRVzeRG
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdgQNdXtZnY
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2lczoH3eCZ
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH5OX0eiSEj
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2GbEX3EgtU
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡoXOgazMx1R
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLImY3klEIC
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡepSMAFsR3x
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwdopFgkbaL
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyi0OWCHASO
紅點:Cd(OH)Cl986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEkowQiGqlE
綠點:CdSO4986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWPJhSC4Zzj
藍點:CdCO3986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPV2qPyCwYS
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這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ09npRgXkRI
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGxzdtcOUcc
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5HKPy6y7fE
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986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡg8Fl2rdnLf
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCiP1YbsCre
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr93hbTczcF
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡS6dqmUlQT5
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡVgkuQ0yfKy
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnFly27HXcl
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5CKzYeIFL5
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡh2HYuGR2vC
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡF3ZV2Hg2Te
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB8mEk0oYba
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr22PqbZnlR
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡaDRPGxJLQM
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlvSuzq3bN3
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡji1Z83LL2C
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzJDYWSrfkY
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCaV0lSxFLL
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSDnVw8ausU
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡuf4n4KWW6c
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1z9o3oaRtw
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKF1fOvZCdA
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmO7UXJsEtB
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqBSAAnY5ei
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvXONfukXIu
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ6jZKzK8fEn
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzUGvdSQ5A1
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡi0htdP0M5l
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlnVpmpTPo2
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Link:986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡIxNtactA75
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ0SjCdGCf9Z
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡHXqpbnHhXP
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡdctSMRfFzk
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNgHtyeGH83
986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlJ9O3dEJyL
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514986Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmRtHhPV26f
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