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全球約有35%的食物產量，均依靠傳粉者例如蜜蜂等支撐而成。而甲蟲、蟻蛉等昆蟲則幫忙捕食蛀食農作物的害蟲，讓農作物得以健康成長。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡCOwrICkS9M
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在這個層面上，農作物所使用的化學殺蟲劑，究竟會否對益蟲造成傷害?497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhXuDvjN3JH
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJI7LRWszkG
(圖2)Neonicotinoid insecticides為舊式殺蟲劑的一種，內含的Neonicotinoid物質會與昆蟲神經線內的NAChRs結合，引致昆蟲的神經系統癱瘓而致死。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPS1vroUNMx
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡB1U2XszLfj
想知更多關於裡頭的相關機制，可參閱:https://www.penana.com/article/477009497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡSQZvxd43Cb
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡtQC0YgWuqE
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1ti2H1CLJH
因著其擁有對昆蟲無差別的攻擊特性，益蟲害蟲均會送命。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWc337viy88
正因如此，全球均已有措施禁用此類殺蟲劑，以歐盟EU地區最為嚴厲。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOeyl7eNSUU
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAgSlKZu2fi
題外話，人類與昆蟲的NAChRs有著結構式的分別，所以殺蟲劑對人類的傷害相對上較細。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTXvyW4B3N2
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbgqYIHQLJR
(圖3)基於舊式殺蟲劑的禁用，新式殺蟲劑已開始廣泛使用。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡni8kps70rD
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlr7MGHJSv4
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡzXKC2lqcUT
Butanolide and sulfoximine-based insecticides為兩款新式的殺蟲劑，但其殺害昆蟲的原理跟舊式一模一樣。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9U5OKuGttG
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡipLv3A72BP
新式與舊式重大的分別在於其化學結構的不同，根據IRAC(Insecticide Resistance Action Committee)的分類方式，舊式殺蟲劑界定為4A組別，而新式殺蟲劑界定為4C及4D組別。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡXl20Sg8ieL
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡba9aY4q67K
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡiVRmlv3KLS
(圖4)那麼新式殺蟲劑除化學分類組別的不同之外，對比舊式殺蟲劑還有甚麼過人之處呢?497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbYmcIpNXYO
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡssh8VvQ8kv
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTURhsHcNW2
答案是接近沒有過人之處，它們對益蟲依舊造成傷害。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgS9j8xQi5G
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡu2OvGEceKi
Flupyradifurone的穩定性與舊式殺蟲劑接近一樣，能長年積累在環境裡頭。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDqTYSbWd8z
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmX7lcAeN14
以蜜蜂為例，雖然低劑量不會對東方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)造成重大修亡，但同等劑量會引致西方蜜蜂(A. mellifera)大量死亡。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKGzCk1AGbh
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡme77PQjjjj
相對上，另一款新式殺蟲劑Sulfoxaflor的穩定性則有所減低，2-3日後在大自然的濃度會減退50%。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡH4CgQGEMAh
奈何它對蜜蜂生育率造成顯著的不良影響，歐洲熊蜂(B. terrestris)在低劑量的影響下，生蛋率及幼蟲孵化率分別下降31及40%。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡmdiNf80sze
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEQnUR90jlD
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡKnMv3iQBEw
顯然，新式化學殺蟲劑並沒有改善舊式殺蟲劑的問題。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡwfeH9ApU36
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqpn9OMgTkQ
在審核殺蟲劑安全性的時候，往往只會對數款昆蟲作出毒性的檢驗，但大自然的昆蟲品種何其之多，加上昆蟲本身的獨特性，對一款益蟲無害並不等於對另一款無害，因此難以評估真實對大自然的影響。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJie6hHz8BL
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL8WE5B44q6
同時間，現有的評核制度並沒有估核對昆蟲往後的生育影響，這將是一道值得深思應否加進評核殺蟲劑安全性的條件之一。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1AvWpZXUnv
497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfBGFSPPtt4
以上的資料來源均取自Ref1。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUBF0QpcXqI
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如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡgYtZzWVuwN
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡsUQaPhXjdv
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同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡptfeYgyiPJ
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Link:497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvE5whzfjjJ
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyJuH4QZkR2
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有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡWb0V7LgN3i
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https://www.instagram.com/potatopigtongue/497Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡL3wYYNaBPR
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Ref1:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7542824/
