吶喊為挪威畫家愛德華·孟克的作品，其呼喊的「怪異」樣貌形象非常鮮明。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGwbqgUOud9
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqr0CQndhQj
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAnI6zy8WxL
他本人在1893至1916年畫出多個版本，而其中一幅展示在孟克美術館（Munch Museum)的版本因多處黃色地方出現變白及脫落跡象關係（圖1的數字標記區域），自2006年起已甚少公開示人。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡM8dGqedVcr
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnSF8tfvkD4
作品現時正處於光線陰淡、攝氏18度、相對濕度約50%的環境備受保護。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ8cIYAdBO0P
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYxmEEosS1r
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡs7PXtBRiFv
（圖2）為了解箇中顏料變色及脫落的機制，有科學家對吶喊作品作出深入研究，並在近日發表文章講述得出的結果（Ref1)。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQixKF79u1P
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡfsMqUF2grW
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMbXuQkLvuk
Cadmium sulfide，為該時期常用作為黃色顏料的化學物。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡRzgj75akSx
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3N4X5z8FLb
同期的文森·梵谷 (Vincent van Gogh)、詹姆斯・恩索 (James Ensor)和亨利·馬諦斯(Henri Matisse)均有利用這種化學物所製成的顏料，而相關的作品亦有出現黃色顏料變白的現象。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡI8dV2OiYHL
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡw53tIWvJDZ
該時期主要有兩種方式製作Cadmium sulfide，分別為Dry及Wet Method。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2c3J4jtecB
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡC5mqDOfRZ7
Dry Method為以300°C至600°C及零氧氣的方式，加上大量硫元素(Sulphur)調配Cadmium sulfide的方式，得出的成品相對上較為純正。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡnxd7FofGnI
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡT587lhKTsn
Wet Method為將不同的化學物混合在一起（如圖中所示），再以沉澱的方式獲取固體Cadmium sulfide。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡPiw4xiXS1F
基於當時技術相對上不太先進，最終的產品會含有較多雜質及副產品。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ2OwjxbgP5M
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQAhsKmOpgI
（圖3）科學家在文中嘗試挖取微量的吶喊畫碎粒，再利用各種技術檢測畫中的化學物成份。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡAuBRimAgrh
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGSAfM3ErDL
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡz0Fv8mUzyX
圖3中間的圖片，其紅點代表黃色顏料Cadmium sulfide的存在。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡGyP1MnWisR
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqGnd48qR1T
下方的圖片，其三種顏色的出現分別代表Wet Method的副產物。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡf967ARwLQE
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紅點:Cd(OH)Cl973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqTx9msyYmn
綠點:CdSO4973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlFcYK6PAVO
藍點:CdCO3973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTgJGZ5vmq3
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ06BPl2pSdR
這三種副產物，在長久而來的知識中已被確認是顏料變色及脫落的兇手，與吶喊作品所出現的現象不謀而合。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpDE6ACq669
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡR7dakMmFda
（圖4）為進一步了解顏料變色的現象，他們找來了吶喊畫同期帶有黃色顏料的作品(他們已7914數字命名樣本)。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡpWkyiZAELD
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ72wnRle5Iz
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLhy6VXj8jg
拿取畫中碎片後，（圖4左方）他們同樣發現裡頭含有Wet Method的副產物（綠點）。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡUbSREMgh2x
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhr81Ls8viV
為了解環境因素對於顏料變色的影響，他們對另一塊畫碎用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C，無光環境來模仿歲月的摧殘。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDLZrGVzT0d
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZQ5BcHz1CP
他們發現得到Wet Method的副產物Cd(OH)Cl（綠點）數量大增且集中在一起，其目測得到黃色顏料變白的現象發生。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡMejbTbZKW9
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡEqCMZcFqXi
然而，用上用上90 日相對濕度=45%，攝氏為30°C，300W光源直接照射的環境來模仿歲月摧殘的話，則沒有感測得到Wet Method副產物的產生和顏料變色現象發生。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA7vBO5DUF1
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡyuAuUMtS5u
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡOIG2xX4SbP
（圖5）另外，他們亦對愛德華·孟克那時期捐贈予館舍的顏料油作出檢測。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡxrSCsGHYnA
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ9euv3GfHXr
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡhdLv1pRXw6
在畫紙塗上顏料油後，已能測量得到有一定程度份量的Wet Method副產物Cd(OH)Cl（左圖綠點）。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡYvedbYB1Vi
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡbo72oWh1j1
（右圖）用上90 日相對濕度≥ 95%，攝氏為40°C的方式摧殘後，綠點數量大增且集中在一起。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡTV7Oxatdmb
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡy25umMUUkT
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡA2YtjxqVQo
（圖6）換句話說，當時期以Wet Method製作的Cadmium sulfide顏料以及愛德華·孟克所使用的顏料油，乃是導致畫中黃色地方出現變白及有脫落跡象的元兇，而其變色的機制主要由相對濕度和溫度而非光線控制。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQG2M9WGlOG
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡr4kOLGbt3s
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡDVCMT5YYfV
基於這發現，在相對濕度及溫度嚴密的控制下，吶喊他日將來也許會有機會可以再度長期公開示人。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡQIhQfzUT1h
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡZ6hUaAb62z
如果想我快啲出文的話，請入去Penana網站科普專欄–薯不揀單俾一個like以及Bookmark，這對我非常之重要。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡvg1WAT0v1F
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Link: https://www.penana.com/story/66244/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E8%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E6%8F%80%E5%96%AE/toc973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡt5tpmEQcKU
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡJqlIwdlt1B
同時亦可以在Penana網站裡按「買一嚿/半嚿薯仔」，以課金的方式推動我繼續搜羅資料寫文，多謝。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡLuZEFplVpu
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Link:973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡNY0BvlyOvc
https://www.penana.com/user/27349/%E8%96%AF%E4%BB%94%E8%81%9E%E8%8C%B1%E8%8E%89/portfolio973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡlAkekhRpWD
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ1vq3aUKtWy
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ5WegU4DSjH
有興趣接收科學資訊的話，歡迎follow IG: potatopigtongue。973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡ3RIVTjopJl
973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡqt4yvAHLCL
Ref1:https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/20/eaay3514973Please respect copyright.ＰＥＮＡＮＡjZJ4gVlbm7
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